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Feminine. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Odor. --- Odors. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Responses.
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Dominance. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Pheromones. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Social-dominance. --- Social.
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Behavior. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Social behavior. --- Social-behavior. --- Social. --- System. --- Systems.
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Activity. --- Agonistic. --- Agression. --- Alternation. --- Behavior. --- Dopamine. --- Dopaminergic system. --- Feeding. --- Food. --- Hoarding. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Social. --- Spatial. --- System.
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This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each ether. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Aggression. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavior. --- Blood-pressure. --- Coping style. --- Coping. --- Corticosterone levels. --- Corticosterone. --- Differentiation. --- Disease. --- Domestication. --- Ecology. --- Farm animals. --- Feral populations. --- Feral. --- Genetic. --- Individual-differences. --- Laboratory. --- Laying hens. --- Male-rats. --- Management. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Nonaggressive male-mice. --- Paper. --- Plasma-catecholamine. --- Play. --- Population. --- Populations. --- Selection. --- Strategies. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Wild house mice.
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Gerbils learned to approach a spatial-olfactory stimulus that signaled access to their pairmate. Experiments 1 and 3 used a discrimination procedure in which 1 conditioned stimulus (the CS+) was presented immediately before access to the pairmate and another (the CS-) was presented alone. Both male and female gerbils came to approach the CS+ sooner than the CS- and spent more time near the CS+ than the CS-. Discrimination learning was facilitated by making the CS+ and CS- spatially distinct (Experiment 3). Learning also was demonstrated in male gerbils, using a between-subjects design with a single CS. Pairing the CS with the opportunity for social interact ion resulted in greater approach to the CS within 10 trials than presenting the CS and social opportunity in an unpaired fashion (Experiment 2). These findings demonstrate social-affiliative learning in the Mongolian gerbil. Similarities and differences between these findings and sexual conditioning effects in other species are discussed
Access. --- Attractant. --- Behavior. --- Conditioning. --- Copulatory-behavior. --- Cs. --- Design. --- Discrimination. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Learning. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Odors. --- Quail coturnix-japonica. --- Responses. --- Secretion. --- Sexual experience. --- Sexual. --- Social. --- Stimulus. --- Time. --- Unguiculatus.
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During early ontogeny, stimuli that pose a threat to an animal change. Unrelated adult male rats may kill young rats, bur infanticide ends around weaning. Predation, on the other hand may increase during early ontogeny when mts begin to extend their activity range. We investigated the developmental course of two defensive responses, immobility and analgesia, in young rats exposed to an adult male rat or to predator cues. Preweaning 14-day-old mts became immobile and analgesic when exposed to the male and showed immobility but not analgesia when exposed to cat odor On Day 26, around weaning, the presence of the male rat no longer induced immobility and analgesia whereas cat odor produced higher levels of immobility and analgesia compared to control and male-exposed animals. This developmental change in responsivity may reflect the differences in the risk of being harmed by a male or a cat during different periods of ontogeny. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Activity. --- Adult. --- Analgesia. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Cat odor. --- Cat. --- Control. --- Cues. --- Defensive behavior. --- Defensive immobility. --- Defensive responses. --- Defensive. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Developmental-changes. --- Emotional motor system. --- Fear. --- Immobility. --- Increase. --- Infanticide. --- Level. --- Male conspecifics. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Neurobiological basis. --- Odor. --- Ontogeny. --- Periods. --- Predation. --- Predator odor. --- Predator. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Rattus-norvegicus. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Risk. --- Stimuli. --- Stress-induced analgesia. --- Stress. --- Weaning. --- Young-rats. --- Young.
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At 21 days of age, gonadally intact male Long Evans rats were weaned and placed into standard laboratory conditions (three per cage) or housed singly. They were tested for noncontact erections and sexual performance at 90 and 220 days of age. Rats raised in isolation displayed significantly fewer noncontact erections in response to sensory cues from an estrous female and fewer intromissions when allowed to mate with a female than did males raised in groups. The volume of the posterodorsal component of the medial amygdala (MePD) and the size of neurons within the MePD were significantly smaller in the isolated males than in socially housed males. Similarly, neurons in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) were smaller in isolate animals than in controls. As both MePD volume and SDN-POA soma size are responsive to sex steroids, these differences could result if the isolates experienced lower testosterone levels. Finally, the volume of the overall medial amygdala (MeA) correlated significantly with the number of noncontact erections, a relationship that was not explained by housing condition. These findings highlight the role of social experience as a factor in the sexual differentiation of the brain and suggest a positive relationship between the volume of a brain structure and the display of sexual behaviors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Adult. --- Age. --- Amygdala. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Area. --- Bed nucleus. --- Behavior. --- Brain. --- Cage. --- Control. --- Cues. --- Deficits. --- Differentiation. --- Estrous females. --- Experience. --- Extended amygdala. --- Female. --- Group. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Isolation. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Males. --- Medial amygdala. --- Neurons. --- Noncontact erection. --- Nucleus. --- Partner preference. --- Penile erection. --- Performance. --- Post weaning. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Sensory. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Sexual behavior. --- Sexual-behavior. --- Sexual. --- Size. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Steroid. --- Steroids. --- Stria terminalis. --- Syrian-hamster. --- Testosterone levels. --- Testosterone. --- Time.
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The present study assessed alterations in mesolimbic enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels after predator [2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylethiazoline (TMT)] and non-predator (butyric acid) odor encounter and/or light-dark (LD) testing in CD-1 mice immediately, 24, 48 and 168 h after the initial odor encounter and/or LD testing. The nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, basolateral (BLA), central (CEA) and medial amygdaloid nuclei, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex were assessed for fos-related antigen (FRA) and/or ENK mRNA as well as neuronal activation of ENK neurons (FRA/ENK). Mice exposed to TMT displayed enhanced freezing and spent less time in the light of the immediate LD test relative to saline- or butyric acid-treated mice. Among mice exposed to TMT, LD anxiety-like behavior was associated with increased FRA in the prelimbic cortex and accumbal shell and decreased ENK-positive neurons in the accumbal core. Mice displaying high TMT-induced LD anxiety exhibited increased ENK-positive neurons in the BLA, CEA and medial amygdaloid nuclei relative to mice that displayed low anxiety-like behavior in the LD test after TMT exposure. In the BLA and CEA, 'high-anxiety' mice also displayed increased FRA/ENK after TMT exposure and LD testing. In contrast to neural cell counts, the level of ENK transcript was decreased in the BLA and CEA of 'high-anxiety' mice after TMT exposure and LD testing. These data suggest that increased FRA may regulate stressor-responsive genes and mediate long-term behavioral changes. Indeed, increased ENK availability in mesolimbic sites may promote behavioral responses that detract from the aversiveness of the stressor experience
Accumbens. --- Activation. --- Activity. --- Amygdala. --- Anxiety-like behavior. --- Anxiety. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Butyric acid. --- Cortex. --- Defensive behavior. --- Double dissociation. --- Emotional responses. --- Enkephalin. --- Experience. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Extended amygdala. --- Fos-related antigen. --- Freezing. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Individual-differences. --- Infralimbic cortex. --- Infralimbic. --- Level. --- Light. --- Long-term. --- Male-rats. --- Mice. --- Neuronal. --- Neurons. --- Nucleus accumbens. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Nucleus. --- Odor. --- Posttraumatic-stress-disorder. --- Predator odor. --- Predator. --- Prelimbic. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Self-stimulation. --- Stressor. --- Test. --- Time. --- Unconditioned fear. --- Ventral tegmental area.
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