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Article
Age- and gender-related changes in copper and zinc levels in the plasma of Mongolian gerbils.

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Abstract

Zinc and copper are components of many enzymes. Little information exists on the levels of trace elements in the plasma of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). We studied the age- and gender-related differences in the plasma Zn and Cu levels of healthy Mongolian gerbils. The 30 male and 30 female animals were allocated into three age groups (group A, 90 days old; group B, 180 days old; and group C, 360 days old), with 10 animals of each gender per group. They were housed under standard conditions with free access to pelleted rodent-maintenance diet (Zn, 95 mg/kg; Cu, 30 mg/kg). and water (Zn, undetectable; Cu, < 0.45 mg/liter). Overall, plasma Cu levels (mean +/- standard deviation) were significantly higher in female (2.03 +/- 0.41 &mu;g/ml) than male (1.30 +/- 0.28 &mu;g/ml; P < 0.0001) gerbils. Among the male rodents, those in group B had the lowest Cu levels, whereas. among the females, the lowest values were in group A. In contrast, plasma Zn levels did not differ between genders (males, 2.96 +/- 0.43 mug/ml; females, 2.96 +/- 0.38 mug/ml) or age groups. In general, plasma Cu and Zn levels were higher in gerbils than rats. We conclude that gerbils may be an interesting model for studying the metabolism of these. trace elements


Article
Hormonal and Experiential Factors Influencing Parental Behavior in Male Rodents - An Integrative Approach.
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Year: 1993

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Abstract

Parental behaviour in rodents has traditionally been modelled on studies of maternal behaviour in the female rat. Female parental behaviour is initiated by hormonal changes during pregnancy and parturition and by pup stimuli. Models of parental behaviour based on the neuroendocrine control of maternal behaviour are not appropriate for understanding male parental care. This paper examines seven factors which influence the initiation and maintenance of paternal behaviour in male rodents: (1) the mating system of the species; (2) the ecological conditions under which the animals live; (3) the male's social experience; (4) sexual experience and female stimuli; (5) pup stimuli; (6) hormonal changes in adult males in response to female and pup stimuli; and (7) neonatal hormone levels. The role of stimuli from the female and pups in activating the neuroendocrine changes which may facilitate the onset and maintenance of paternal behaviour is also described. The aim of the paper is to provide an integrative approach to the study of male parental care and to stimulate research on the hormonal and experiential factors underlying paternal behaviour in male rodents

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