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General --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- Bibliography - General --- South Asia --- Maldives --- Bibliography. --- Maldive Islands --- Malediva Islands --- Maldiverna --- Malʹdivskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Republic of Maldives --- Mahaldib Islands --- Dībā Maḥall --- Maḥall Dībā --- Maḥall Dībah --- Dhivehi Raajje --- Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Divehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Republic of the Maldives --- Malediivit --- Malediverna

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In this classic work George Hourani deals with the history of the sea trade of the Arabs in the Indian Ocean from its obscure origins many centuries before Christ to the time of its full extension to China and East Africa in the ninth and tenth centuries. The book comprises a brief but masterly historical account that has never been superseded. The author gives attention not only to geography, meteorology, and the details of travel, but also to the ships themselves, including a discussion of the origin of stitched planking and of the lateen fore-and-aft sails. Piracy in the Indian Ocean, day-to-day life at sea, the establishment of ancient lighthouses and the production of early maritime guides, handbooks, and port directories are all described in fascinating detail. Arab Seafaring will appeal to anyone interested in Arab life or the history of navigation. For this expanded edition, John Carswell has added a new introduction, a bibliography, and notes that add material from recent archaeological research.

Commerce --- Routes commerciales --- Navigation --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Indien, Ocean --- Navigation, Primitive --- Locomotion --- Orientation --- Nautical astronomy --- Naval art and science --- Pilots and pilotage --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Aela. --- Arrian. --- Begram. --- Bombay. --- Calicut. --- Chaldaea. --- China. --- Coromandel. --- Damascus. --- Dilmun. --- Egypt. --- Euphrates River. --- Frankincense. --- Gujarat. --- Hellenistic. --- Hurmuz. --- India. --- Indonesia. --- Java. --- Kalah Bār. --- Koran. --- Kārūn River. --- Laccadive Islands. --- Lamu. --- Leuce Come. --- Madagascar. --- Malabar. --- Maldive Islands. --- Mozambique. --- Nerbudda River. --- Ocelis. --- Parthia. --- Persian Gulf. --- Pliny the Elder. --- Ptolemy Claudius. --- Red Sea. --- Sassanid. --- Seleucid. --- Strabo. --- Tigris River. --- Vasco da Gama.

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The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Shipwrecked on the Maldives in 1602-1607, Pyrard de Laval learnt the local language and studied the culture, flora and fauna of the islands. On his escape to Goa he continued his cultural investigations in Portuguese India, before returning to France by way of Saint Helena and Brazil in 1611. His book, which included practical advice for French traders travelling to Asia and a phrase book for visitors to the Maldives, was an immediate success. This three-volume translation of the 1619 edition appeared in 1887-1890.

Pyrard, François, --- Travel --- Maldives --- Calicut (India) --- East Indies --- Description and travel --- Early works to 1800. --- Social life and customs --- Laval, Francis Perard De, --- Perard De Laval, Francis, --- Pyrard, Francisco, --- Kozhikode (India) --- Kolikod (India) --- Kozhikkot (India) --- Kālikkat̲t̲ (India) --- Kālikkat̲t̲ Sit̲t̲i (India) --- Kojīkoḍa (India) --- Kōzhikkōde (India) --- Maldive Islands --- Malediva Islands --- Maldiverna --- Malʹdivskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Republic of Maldives --- Mahaldib Islands --- Dībā Maḥall --- Maḥall Dībā --- Maḥall Dībah --- Dhivehi Raajje --- Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Divehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Republic of the Maldives --- Malediivit --- Malediverna --- Indies, East

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This 2012 Article IV Consultation with Maldives discusses that fiscal position is weak, and its external reserves are critically low. The country has a long history of fiscal and external imbalances. Macroeconomic policies need adjustment. The authorities have taken important steps in the 2013 budget to reduce the fiscal deficit, but further consolidation is needed, both to ensure debt sustainability and to strengthen the balance of payments. That latter goal would be aided by devaluation, combined with a restrictive incomes and subsidy policy, which would address the current overvaluation of the rufiyaa and help to curb imports. Monetary tightening would help to prevent the need for a further devaluation. Financial supervision, particularly with regard to the state bank, also needs strengthening. Given the track record, a Staff Monitored Program could be the appropriate starting point for any renewed engagement, however, in order to begin discussions, there would need to be a clear commitment on the authorities’ part to implementing a comprehensive set of policy adjustments.

Maldives --- Maldive Islands --- Malediva Islands --- Maldiverna --- Malʹdivskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Republic of Maldives --- Mahaldib Islands --- Dībā Maḥall --- Maḥall Dībā --- Maḥall Dībah --- Dhivehi Raajje --- Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Divehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Republic of the Maldives --- Malediivit --- Malediverna --- Economic conditions. --- Currency --- Debts, External --- Economic sectors --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Exports and Imports --- External debt --- Finance, Public --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Gambling --- Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries --- Imports --- Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International trade --- Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Recreation --- Restaurants --- Sports --- Tourism --- Trade: General

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This 2005 Article IV Consultation with Maldives highlights that the Maldives suffered devastating damage from the December 2004 tsunami. Although human casualties were limited, damage to infrastructure has been extensive, with the cost of reconstruction estimated at nearly a half of gross domestic product. Reconstruction work has progressed slowly in 2005 but the pace is picking up. Recovery work has been slow due to insufficient coordination, problems in local consultation, and limited management capacity. The government and donors have been addressing these problems and the pace of implementation is finally accelerating. The 2006 budget is highly expansionary and threatens sustainability. The government has added to the fiscal deficit through new recruits, expansion of untargeted social programs, and a large domestically funded public investment program while using optimistic revenue projection. Fiscal reforms are of high priority. The report also explains that monetary policy should be geared to sustaining the peg arrangement based on indirect management. The objective of monetary policy should be to support the peg arrangement, which has served well as a credible nominal anchor.

Maldives --- Maldive Islands --- Malediva Islands --- Maldiverna --- Malʹdivskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Republic of Maldives --- Mahaldib Islands --- Dībā Maḥall --- Maḥall Dībā --- Maḥall Dībah --- Dhivehi Raajje --- Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Divehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa --- Republic of the Maldives --- Malediivit --- Malediverna --- Economic conditions. --- Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Budget planning and preparation --- Budget Systems --- Budget --- Budgeting & financial management --- Budgeting --- Debt Management --- Debt --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Exports and Imports --- Exports --- External debt --- International economics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International trade --- National Budget --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Natural Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Public debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Sovereign Debt --- Trade: General