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Do women participate in and influence meetings equally with men? Does gender shape how a meeting is run and whose voices are heard? The Silent Sex shows how the gender composition and rules of a deliberative body dramatically affect who speaks, how the group interacts, the kinds of issues the group takes up, whose voices prevail, and what the group ultimately decides. It argues that efforts to improve the representation of women will fall short unless they address institutional rules that impede women's voices. Using groundbreaking experimental research supplemented with analysis of school boards, Christopher Karpowitz and Tali Mendelberg demonstrate how the effects of rules depend on women's numbers, so that small numbers are not fatal with a consensus process, but consensus is not always beneficial when there are large numbers of women. Men and women enter deliberative settings facing different expectations about their influence and authority. Karpowitz and Mendelberg reveal how the wrong institutional rules can exacerbate women's deficit of authority while the right rules can close it, and, in the process, establish more cooperative norms of group behavior and more generous policies for the disadvantaged. Rules and numbers have far-reaching implications for the representation of women and their interests. Bringing clarity and insight to one of today's most contentious debates, The Silent Sex provides important new findings on ways to bring women's voices into the conversation on matters of common concern.

Corporate meetings. --- Women. --- Social participation. --- Social interaction. --- Social groups. --- Social psychology. --- Mendelberg, Tali. --- American politics. --- American women. --- advanced economies. --- all-female groups. --- authoritative representation. --- authority. --- children. --- civic activists. --- civic organizations. --- class privileges. --- compassion issues. --- confidence. --- confident participants. --- consensus process. --- cooperation. --- decision making. --- decision-making groups. --- deliberation. --- deliberative democracy. --- democracy. --- descriptive representation. --- disadvantaged groups. --- education. --- efficacy. --- ethnicity. --- female citizens. --- gender composition. --- gender differences. --- gender gap. --- gender. --- government intervention. --- group behaviour. --- group interaction. --- group-level factors. --- income redistribution. --- inequality. --- influence. --- international speakers. --- justice. --- lower confidence. --- majority rule. --- majority-rule meetings. --- meetings. --- men. --- minorities. --- minority status. --- mixed-gender combinations. --- modern America. --- political participation. --- politics. --- poor populations. --- poverty. --- public affairs. --- race. --- representation. --- school boards. --- second-class citizens. --- silent sex. --- social group. --- solidarity. --- speech. --- substantive representation. --- symbolic representation. --- taxes. --- women. --- Corporate meetings --- Women --- Social participation --- Social interaction --- Social groups --- Social psychology

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This is an expanded second edition of Nicholas Mercuro and Steven Medema's influential book Economics and the Law, whose publication in 1998 marked the most comprehensive overview of the various schools of thought in the burgeoning field of Law and Economics. Each of these competing yet complementary traditions has both redefined the study of law and exposed the key economic implications of the legal environment. The book remains true to the scope and aims of the first edition, but also takes account of the field's evolution. At the book's core is an expanded discussion of the Chicago school, Public Choice Theory, Institutional Law and Economics, and New Institutional Economics. A new chapter explores the Law and Economics literature on social norms, today an integral part of each of the schools of thought. The chapter on the New Haven and Modern Civic Republican approaches has likewise been expanded. These chapters are complemented by a discussion of the Austrian school of Law and Economics. Each chapter now includes an "At Work" section presenting applications of that particular school of thought. By providing readers with a concise, noncritical description of the broad contours of each school, this book illuminates the fundamental insights of a field with important implications not only for economics and the law, but also for political science, philosophy, public administration, and sociology.

Law and economics --- Law and economics. --- AA / International- internationaal --- 340.0 --- 340.115 --- Economics and jurisprudence --- Economics and law --- Jurisprudence and economics --- Economics --- Jurisprudence --- Recht: algemene werken en handboeken. --- Recht: algemene werken en handboeken --- Derecho y economía. --- Derecho --- Becker, Gary. --- Buchanan, James M. --- Calabresi, Guido. --- Coase theorem. --- Fifth Amendment. --- Hand, Learned. --- Hovenkamp, Herbert. --- Journal of Legal Studies. --- Keynesian macroeconomics. --- Knight, Frank. --- allocative efficiency. --- catallaxy approach. --- compensation principle. --- deductive thinking. --- dispute-resolution. --- duality theorem. --- economic imperialism. --- efficiency concept. --- expectation damages. --- fairness arguments. --- individual behavior. --- justice. --- legal doctrines. --- liquidated damages. --- majority rule. --- microeconomics. --- optimal majority. --- Aspecto económico.

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This Reprint Book highlights and overviews the most important and novel aspects of chiral auxiliary and chirogenesis in different natural/physical sciences and in modern technologies. In particular, some newly emerging classes of molecules used for these purposes have been described. Furthermore, some important experimental and theoretical issues associated with the chirality field have been addressed. This book consists of one review article and six research papers and is of interest for general chemistry readership, including graduate and post-graduate students, and for researchers specializing in the fields of chirality and stereochemistry

Research & information: general --- pillar[5]arene --- planar chirality --- chiral resolution --- racemization kinetics --- supramolecular chemistry --- self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism (SIDA) --- enantiomeric analysis --- molecular association --- NMR --- diffusion --- molecular chirality --- self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) --- indole --- asymmetric synthesis --- organocatalysis --- transition-metal catalysis --- C-N bond formation --- enantioselective --- heterocycles --- porphyrinoids --- multinuclear complexes --- chiral ligands --- circular dichroism --- paramagnetic NMR --- magnetochemistry --- porphyrin --- guanidine --- host-guest binding --- chirality --- DFT --- TD-DFT simulation --- induced optical activity --- stereodynamic chirality probe --- exciton coupling --- circularly polarized luminescence --- sergeants-and-soldiers --- majority-rule --- polysilane --- polyfluorenevinylene --- polyfluorene --- mirror symmetry breaking --- parity violation

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Successful democracies throughout history--from ancient Athens to Britain on the cusp of the industrial age--have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the accelerating pace of technological change creates potentially enormous dangers as well as benefits. Accelerating Democracy shows how to adapt democracy to new information technologies that can enhance political decision making and enable us to navigate the social rapids ahead. John O. McGinnis demonstrates how these new technologies combine to address a problem as old as democracy itself--how to help citizens better evaluate the consequences of their political choices. As society became more complex in the nineteenth century, social planning became a top-down enterprise delegated to experts and bureaucrats. Today, technology increasingly permits information to bubble up from below and filter through more dispersed and competitive sources. McGinnis explains how to use fast-evolving information technologies to more effectively analyze past public policy, bring unprecedented intensity of scrutiny to current policy proposals, and more accurately predict the results of future policy. But he argues that we can do so only if government keeps pace with technological change. For instance, it must revive federalism to permit different jurisdictions to test different policies so that their results can be evaluated, and it must legalize information markets to permit people to bet on what the consequences of a policy will be even before that policy is implemented. Accelerating Democracy reveals how we can achieve a democracy that is informed by expertise and social-scientific knowledge while shedding the arrogance and insularity of a technocracy.

Information technology --- Technological innovations --- Democracy. --- Democratization. --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Self-government --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Political aspects. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / General. --- LAW / Science & Technology. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / General. --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- New democracies --- Internet. --- administrative government. --- artificial intelligence. --- bias. --- collective decision making. --- computational advances. --- computer. --- cultural cognition. --- democracy. --- dispersed media. --- earmarks. --- education reform. --- elections. --- empirical analysis. --- empiricism. --- federalism. --- friendly AI. --- governance. --- government data. --- information age. --- information costs. --- information markets. --- information technology. --- innate majoritarian bias. --- knowledge falsification. --- machine intelligence. --- majority rule. --- modern technology. --- political bias. --- political campaigns. --- political culture. --- political decision making. --- political information. --- political life. --- political prediction markets. --- politics. --- public action problem. --- public policy. --- regulation. --- representation. --- social governance. --- social knowledge. --- social planning. --- social policy. --- social science. --- social-scientific knowledge. --- special interests. --- status quo. --- technocracy. --- technological acceleration. --- technological change. --- term limits.

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It's a commonplace that citizens in Western democracies are disaffected with their political leaders and traditional democratic institutions. But in Democratic Legitimacy, Pierre Rosanvallon, one of today's leading political thinkers, argues that this crisis of confidence is partly a crisis of understanding. He makes the case that the sources of democratic legitimacy have shifted and multiplied over the past thirty years and that we need to comprehend and make better use of these new sources of legitimacy in order to strengthen our political self-belief and commitment to democracy. Drawing on examples from France and the United States, Rosanvallon notes that there has been a major expansion of independent commissions, NGOs, regulatory authorities, and watchdogs in recent decades. At the same time, constitutional courts have become more willing and able to challenge legislatures. These institutional developments, which serve the democratic values of impartiality and reflexivity, have been accompanied by a new attentiveness to what Rosanvallon calls the value of proximity, as governing structures have sought to find new spaces for minorities, the particular, and the local. To improve our democracies, we need to use these new sources of legitimacy more effectively and we need to incorporate them into our accounts of democratic government. An original contribution to the vigorous international debate about democratic authority and legitimacy, this promises to be one of Rosanvallon's most important books.

Legitimacy of governments. --- Democracy. --- Governments, Legitimacy of --- Legitimacy (Constitutional law) --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Revolutions --- Sovereignty --- State, The --- General will --- Political stability --- Regime change --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Democracy --- Legitimacy of governments --- Western democracy. --- administration. --- administrative-executive power. --- appropriation. --- bureaucracies. --- bureaucracy. --- care. --- citizens. --- civic life. --- constitution. --- constitutional courts. --- constitutional judges. --- constitutional oversight. --- constitutional review. --- constitutional thought. --- corporatism. --- countermajoritarian difficulty. --- democracy. --- democratic authority. --- democratic ideals. --- democratic impartiality. --- democratic institution. --- democratic institutions. --- democratic legitimacy. --- democratic systems. --- derivative legitimacy. --- direct relations. --- dual legitimacy. --- elections. --- electoral legitimation. --- electoral politics. --- executive functions. --- flexible relations. --- general interest. --- generality. --- government initiatives. --- government intervention. --- government. --- identification. --- identity politics. --- immediate democracy. --- impartiality. --- independent authorities. --- independent commissions. --- indirect democracy. --- informal relations. --- interactive democracy. --- judicial power. --- judicial powers. --- legitimacy. --- majority rule. --- modern individualistic states. --- multiplication. --- new democratic institutions. --- numerical unanimity. --- oversight function. --- participatory democracy. --- particularity. --- pluralization. --- political community. --- political investment. --- political leaders. --- political legitimacy. --- political obligation. --- political representatives. --- presence. --- proximity. --- rational administration. --- reflexive democracy. --- reflexivity. --- regulatory function. --- representation. --- social existence. --- social expectations. --- social gaze. --- substantive unanimity. --- unanimity. --- unelected judges. --- unpolitical democracy.