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Igneous rocks --- Magmatism --- Volcanism --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Petrology --- Crustal magma transfer

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Mercury has a very high bulk density, with an iron core that makes up for 80% of the planet's radius. Yet it has a very low FeO content on the surface. Very high sulphur content is observed at the surface (up to 4 wt%), making Mercury a surprisingly volatile rich planet. The planet was formed under highly reducing conditions, creating unique conditions that change the behaviour of elements. This study aimed at understanding the stability field of FeS and (Ca,Mg)S sulfides in these conditions. The element partitioning between the silicate melt, the metallic melt and the sulfide melt was also studied. A piston-cylinder was used to produce high temperatures (1300-1700°C) and high pressures (~1.2 GPa) conditions relevant for crystallization conditions during the magma ocean stage. The first aspect of the project was to setup the apparatus and established an appropriate protocol to use it. Several days of testing and adjustments were necessary to obtain a fully functional device. The composition used for the experiment was similar to enstatite chondrite, as their silicate composition is close to the bulk silicate composition of Mercury. Sulphur (20 wt% and 10 wt%) was added to the powders to saturate the silicate melt in sulphur. FeS (10 wt%) was also added in order to obtain a metallic phase (FeSi) and to measure the oxygen fugacity in the samples. The oxygen fugacity was controlled using silica metal in the starting compositions. 
Experimental products contain a silicate and a metallic (FeSi) melt. SiO2 under high quartz form is present in most of experiments. Some low temperature samples show enstatite grains, and some experiments produced Si metal. FeS globules were formed in four samples, which implies that only four experiments reached sulphur saturation. Our experiments failed at producing (Ca,Mg)S under the investigated conditions. The composition for major elements of the silicate, the metallic and the sulphide melts were acquired using the electron microprobe at the University of Hannover, Germany. 
Partition coefficient between the silicate melt and the metallic melt were concordant with other studies; Si become siderophile at high reducing conditions, and Mn and Ti also shows a siderophile behaviour at low oxygen fugacity, which is in good agreement with other studies. Temperature also has an influence on the behaviour of elements; at higher temperatures, Mn, Ti and Na show increasing siderophile behaviours. Phosphorus on the other hand become less siderophile with temperature. Concerning the partition coefficient between the silicate melt and the sulphide melt, Ti becomes increasingly chalcophile with decreasing fO2.
Several hypotheses can explain this lack of (Ca,Mg)S in our experiment. First of all, it appears clearly that a large amount of sulphur is lacking in the samples; approximately 23 wt% S were added to the powders (from 20 wt% S + 10 wt% FeS) and in non saturated experiments, only ~5% S is left in the silicate melt. At high temperature, sulphur escaped and saturation was not obtained in most experiments. This does not explain the absence of (Ca,Mg)S sulphides in the saturated experiments. Temperature, pressure and oxygen fugacity ranges are similar to other studies that produced these sulphides, the only difference being the amount of FeS they added; we added significantly less FeS than them and too much S pure. We thus propose that sulphur fugacity (fS2), which is the only parameter that was not directly controlled in our experiment, controls the apparition of these phases. The addition of FeS in experiments could control the fS2 via the iron-troilite buffer. The siderophile behaviour of Si at low oxygen fugacity could imply that significant amount of silicon partitioned into the core during the planet differentiation. This result has been confirmed by numerous studies. A bit of Mn and Ti could also segregate into the core.
 We propose that the chalcophile behaviour of Ti could form TiS (wassonite) as discovered recently in an enstatite chondrite. The stability of this mineral would have to be defined in future experiments, but, as the author of the discovery proposed, TiS could be the residue of evaporating Ti-bearing troilite. As space-weathering is an important phenomenon on Mercury, it would be interesting to study the partitioning of Ti in FeS and the evolution of FeS once exposed at the surface.

Mercury --- magma ocean --- sulphide --- sulphur --- piston-cylinder --- partitioning --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Sciences de la terre & géographie physique

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This Special Issue comprises 12 papers from authors in 10 countries with new insights on the close coupling between magma as an energy and fluid source with hydrothermal systems for the primary control of magmatic behavior. Data and interpretation are provided on the rise of magma through a hydrothermal system, the relative timing of magmatic and hydrothermal events, the temporal evolution of supercritical aqueous fluids associated with ore formation, the magmatic and meteoric contributions of water to the systems, the big picture for the highly active Krafla Caldera, Iceland, as well as the implications of results from drilling at Krafla concerning the magma–hydrothermal boundary. Some of the more provocative concepts are that magma can intrude a hydrothermal system silently, that coplanar and coeval seismic events signal “magma fracking” beneath active volcanoes, that intrusive accumulations may far outlast volcanism, that arid climate favors formation of large magma chambers, and that even relatively dry rhyolite magma can rapidly convect and so lack a crystallizing mush roof. A shared theme is that hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs need to be treated as a single system.

Research & information: general --- la soufrière --- guadeloupe --- volcanic gas --- volcanic unrest --- hydrothermal gas --- multigas --- extensometry --- Krafla volcano --- geothermal systems --- conceptual models --- volcanology --- magma --- hydrothermal --- fracking --- volcanoes --- Kamchatka --- igneous petrology --- tectonics --- heat flow --- glaciation --- climate --- incremental pluton emplacement --- contact metamorphism --- petrochronology --- titanite --- zircon --- U-Pb dating --- thermometry --- hydrothermal fluids --- incremental intrusion --- hydrothermal fluid --- microstructure --- dissolution --- precipitation --- textural coarsening --- alteration --- porosity --- eruption --- fracture --- permeability --- dome emplacement --- hydrothermal system --- RSAM --- tremor --- gliding spectral lines --- White Island --- phreatic eruptions --- geyser --- Uzon --- CO2 --- TOUGH2 --- modeling --- Kirishima volcano group --- Ebinokogen Ioyama volcano --- geothermal activity --- multiple hydrothermal system --- magmatic hydrothermal eruption --- kick upwelling --- Erdenet Cu–Mo deposit --- cathodoluminescence --- supercritical fluid --- transient fluid pressure --- magmatic-hydrothermal system --- fluid inclusion --- magma energy --- magma convection --- heat flux --- geothermal energy --- magma–hydrothermal --- heat transport --- gas and fluid geochemistry --- phreatic eruption --- volcano monitoring --- geophysical imaging --- drilling

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This Special Issue comprises 12 papers from authors in 10 countries with new insights on the close coupling between magma as an energy and fluid source with hydrothermal systems for the primary control of magmatic behavior. Data and interpretation are provided on the rise of magma through a hydrothermal system, the relative timing of magmatic and hydrothermal events, the temporal evolution of supercritical aqueous fluids associated with ore formation, the magmatic and meteoric contributions of water to the systems, the big picture for the highly active Krafla Caldera, Iceland, as well as the implications of results from drilling at Krafla concerning the magma–hydrothermal boundary. Some of the more provocative concepts are that magma can intrude a hydrothermal system silently, that coplanar and coeval seismic events signal “magma fracking” beneath active volcanoes, that intrusive accumulations may far outlast volcanism, that arid climate favors formation of large magma chambers, and that even relatively dry rhyolite magma can rapidly convect and so lack a crystallizing mush roof. A shared theme is that hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs need to be treated as a single system.

Research & information: general --- la soufrière --- guadeloupe --- volcanic gas --- volcanic unrest --- hydrothermal gas --- multigas --- extensometry --- Krafla volcano --- geothermal systems --- conceptual models --- volcanology --- magma --- hydrothermal --- fracking --- volcanoes --- Kamchatka --- igneous petrology --- tectonics --- heat flow --- glaciation --- climate --- incremental pluton emplacement --- contact metamorphism --- petrochronology --- titanite --- zircon --- U-Pb dating --- thermometry --- hydrothermal fluids --- incremental intrusion --- hydrothermal fluid --- microstructure --- dissolution --- precipitation --- textural coarsening --- alteration --- porosity --- eruption --- fracture --- permeability --- dome emplacement --- hydrothermal system --- RSAM --- tremor --- gliding spectral lines --- White Island --- phreatic eruptions --- geyser --- Uzon --- CO2 --- TOUGH2 --- modeling --- Kirishima volcano group --- Ebinokogen Ioyama volcano --- geothermal activity --- multiple hydrothermal system --- magmatic hydrothermal eruption --- kick upwelling --- Erdenet Cu–Mo deposit --- cathodoluminescence --- supercritical fluid --- transient fluid pressure --- magmatic-hydrothermal system --- fluid inclusion --- magma energy --- magma convection --- heat flux --- geothermal energy --- magma–hydrothermal --- heat transport --- gas and fluid geochemistry --- phreatic eruption --- volcano monitoring --- geophysical imaging --- drilling

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Dear colleagues, Geological energy has a long history in China. As early as 500 BC, China began to use coal as fuel. In the middle of the 19th century, China began to develop oil resources. After the foundation of new China, with the discovery of the Daqing oilfield, China's oil industry entered an era of great development. During the 21st century, with the development of drilling technology, the development of unconventional energy such as shale gas and shale oil has entered a new era. In recent years, the development of flammable ice has set off a wave of clean energy. With the carbon reduction plan proposed by the Chinese government, clean geo-energy has been granted unparalleled development space in the future. China's geo-energy development technology used to lag behind that of major developed countries for a long time, but after years of development, it has become the world's leading edge in some fields. Therefore, we specially set up this collection to collect China's advanced geo-energy exploitation technology and development trends, whilst providing some new directions for thinking about geo-energy development in China and even the world. This collection seeks to contribute to such topics through enhanced scientific and multidisciplinary knowledge.

Research & information: general --- airflow reversal --- gas outburst --- mine ventilation system --- orthogonal experiment --- numerical simulation --- deep chamber --- asymmetric failure --- mechanical analysis --- control measures --- Yinggehai --- overpressure --- hydraulic fracture --- mudstone --- fluid pressure --- red sandstone --- pre-existing cracks --- creep behavior --- temperature --- long-term permeability --- partial saturation --- patchy saturation --- squirt flow --- P-wave velocity dispersion and attenuation --- anelasticity --- ultrasonic measurements --- heavy oil reservoirs --- cyclic steam stimulation --- conformance control --- extreme gradient boost (XGBoost) trees --- prediction model --- Dongsha Waters in the northern South China Sea margin --- velocity inversion --- mud volcano --- magma intrusion --- Mesozoic hydrocarbon --- tubing --- modal analysis --- fluid-structure interaction --- inlet pressure --- pipeline --- water hammer --- gas-liquid two-phase flow --- pressure --- velocity --- lattice Boltzmann method --- discrete element method --- sand production --- force chain network analysis --- seismic sedimentology --- sedimentary facies evolution --- peat accumulation regularity --- frequency–division amplitude fusion --- thin sand bodies --- stable crack propagation --- crack strain --- stress–strain curve --- model --- wing crack --- outburst coal --- primary coal --- structural parameters --- infrared spectrum --- XRD --- oil shale --- in situ conversion project --- biomarker --- pyrolysis process --- organic geochemistry