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In every operation, the functions of command, control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), and communications are all fundamental to success. But in cities, the dense population, many manmade structures, and other challenges act to severely impede these functions in several ways.

Command and control systems. --- Military doctrine. --- Operation Restore Hope, 1992-1993. --- Urban warfare. --- Afghan War, 2001 --- -Afghan War, 2001 --- -Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001 --- -South Asia --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- Military Science - General --- Military & Naval Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Aerial operations, American --- Command and control systems --- Military doctrine --- United States. --- History. --- Mogadishu (Somalia) --- History, Military --- Restore Hope, Operation, 1992-1993 --- City warfare --- Warfare, City --- Warfare, Urban --- Mogadiscio (Somalia) --- Magadoxo (Somalia) --- Magadaxo (Somalia) --- Mukdisha (Somalia) --- Muqdishu (Somalia) --- Mogadaxo (Somalia) --- Hamar (Somalia) --- Xamar (Somalia) --- Maqdishu (Somalia) --- Mogadiisho (Somalia) --- Muqdishow (Somalia) --- Magadiscio (Somalia) --- Mogadisho (Somalia) --- Muqdisho (Somalia) --- Mogadishu (Italian Somaliland) --- Dawladda Hoose Xamar (Somalia) --- Dowladda Hoose Xamar (Somalia) --- Mugadishu (Somalia) --- مقديشو (Somalia) --- Muqadīshū (Somalia) --- Maqadīshū (Somalia) --- Military art and science