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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as reservoirs for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contact between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this book have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Leptospirosis --- pig --- MAT --- real-time PCR --- genotyping --- epidemiology --- Australis --- canine leptospirosis --- Icterohaemorrhagiae --- multi-locus sequence typing --- leptospirosis --- zoonosis --- infectious disease --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- wildlife --- Leptospira fainei --- intermediate Leptospira --- Leptospira spp. --- cattle --- abortion --- pathology --- non-maintenance serovars --- PCR --- lfb1-phylogeny --- Leptospira --- African green monkeys --- Caribbean --- renal lesions --- dog --- multilocus sequence typing --- multiple loci variable-number tandem repeat analysis --- MaxEnt --- risk map --- Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) --- climate change --- wild boar --- Sus scrofa --- African green monkey --- Chlorocebus sabeus --- vaccine --- dogs --- bovine --- new Pomona serovars --- MLST --- VNTR --- Leptospirosis --- pig --- MAT --- real-time PCR --- genotyping --- epidemiology --- Australis --- canine leptospirosis --- Icterohaemorrhagiae --- multi-locus sequence typing --- leptospirosis --- zoonosis --- infectious disease --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- wildlife --- Leptospira fainei --- intermediate Leptospira --- Leptospira spp. --- cattle --- abortion --- pathology --- non-maintenance serovars --- PCR --- lfb1-phylogeny --- Leptospira --- African green monkeys --- Caribbean --- renal lesions --- dog --- multilocus sequence typing --- multiple loci variable-number tandem repeat analysis --- MaxEnt --- risk map --- Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) --- climate change --- wild boar --- Sus scrofa --- African green monkey --- Chlorocebus sabeus --- vaccine --- dogs --- bovine --- new Pomona serovars --- MLST --- VNTR

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This book is the definitive reference regarding the global status of melioidosis in 2018. Melioidosis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), so much so that it is not even included in the WHO list of NTDs. Yet modeling suggests that it kills more people worldwide every year than diseases that are much better known, such as leptospirosis and dengue. The reasons for this under-recognition are numerous, including the fact that it mainly affects the disadvantaged rural poor in areas that are poorly supplied with the diagnostic capability to make the diagnosis. In 22 separate articles, expert authors from around the world have summarized what is known about the burden of the disease in humans and animals and the presence of the causative bacterium in the environment in their countries or regions. They have also identified the main obstacles and challenges to establishing the true burden, and to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnosis and optimal care for this all too frequently fatal disease. Rather than focusing on the theoretical risk of the use of Burkholderia pseudomallei as a biological weapon, this book highlights its importance as a clear and present danger to global public health.

South America --- Papua New Guinea --- Cambodia --- Laos --- prevention --- environmental --- Seychelles --- Africa --- India --- Lao PDR --- western Indian Ocean --- animal --- treatment --- Hong Kong --- transmission modes --- Madagascar --- Thailand --- Middle East --- bacteriology --- Vietnam --- public awareness --- Burkholderia --- MLST --- Sri Lanka --- melioidosis --- veterinary --- South Asia --- mortality --- Caribbean --- Australia --- Central America --- Myanmar --- Malaysia --- awareness --- Réunion --- diagnosis --- Mauritius --- Melioidosis --- clinical --- tropical medicine --- B. pseudomallei --- Singapore --- Oceania --- epidemiology --- China --- genomics --- Burkholderia pseudomallei --- surveillance --- Philippines --- environment --- Bangladesh --- Mexico --- Indonesia

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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities around the world. In many developed countries, the equine industry has significant economical weight, with around 7 million horses in Europe alone. The close relationship between humans and equids and the fact that the athlete horse is the terrestrial mammal that travels the most worldwide after humans are important elements to consider in the transmission of pathogens and diseases, amongst equids and to other species. The potential effect of climate change on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases is also of concern for both human and animal health. In this Special Issue, we intend to explore our understanding of a panel of equine viruses, looking at their pathogenicity, their importance in terms of welfare and potential association with diseases, their economic importance and impact on performance, and how their identification can be helped by new technologies and methods.

hematophagous arthropod --- n/a --- abortion --- hepacivirus A --- Borna disease virus --- virus transmission --- virus stock propagation --- nucleoprotein --- influenza A viruses --- equine parvovirus-hepatitis --- neuropathogenic strain --- sequencing --- arbovirus --- virome --- transmission --- Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 --- interspecies transmission --- respiratory disease --- outbreak --- ORF34 --- ORF33 --- vaccine strategies --- ORF30 --- flavivirus --- in utero transmission --- non-primate hepacivirus --- risk factors --- Animal Rule --- equine herpesvirus type 1 --- African horse sickness --- polymerase activity --- horse parvovirus-CSF --- insects --- equine hepacivirus --- horse --- Parvoviridae --- Equid herpesviruses --- phylogeny --- ORF68 --- virus structure --- PCR --- Germany --- equine rhinitis virus A --- loss of performance --- ELISA --- myeloencephalopathy --- strain selection --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- equine Mx1 --- enteric disease --- cDNA cloned virus --- fetuses --- Eqcopivirus --- equine coronavirus --- Ireland --- MxA --- genital wart --- equine papillomaviruses --- equine parvovirus H --- replication --- virus neutralization --- MLST --- mosquito-borne virus --- seroprevalence --- equine influenza --- rabies --- evolution --- spike S1 protein --- hepatitis --- Thoroughbred racehorses --- vaccine --- bosavirus --- encephalitis --- West Nile virus --- horses

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Bacterial resistance to known and currently used antibiotics represents a growing issue worldwide. It poses a major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases in general and hospital-acquired infections in particular. This is in part due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in past decades, which led to the selection of highly resistant bacteria and even so-called superbugs – multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nosocomial infections, particularly, are often caused by MDR bacterial pathogens and the treatment of such infections is very complicated and extensive, often leading to various side effects, including adverse effects on the natural human microbiome. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics is lagging with very few new ones in the pipeline. Finding viable alternatives to treat such infections may help to overcome these therapeutic issues. This publication brings novel developments in the field of bacterial resistance, mainly in the hospital settings, adequate antibiotic therapy, and identification of compounds useful to battle this growing issue.

VRE --- GIT --- hemato-oncological patients --- clonality --- antibiotic stewardship --- resistance --- consumption of antibiotics --- clonal spread --- Enterococcus faecium --- Enterococcus faecalis --- linezolid resistance --- 23S rRNA --- optrA --- carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae --- carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- N-acetylcysteine --- septic shock --- critically ill patients --- newborn --- infection --- bacteria --- antibiotic therapy --- hops --- C. difficile --- rat model --- Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA --- spa typing --- MLST --- SCCmec typing --- clonal analysis --- epidemiology --- cancer patients --- duration of treatment --- colistin --- propensity score analysis --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii --- urinary tract infections --- UTIs --- MDR --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella --- uropathogens --- AMR --- antibiotic resistance --- ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae --- urinary tract infection --- clinical impact --- economic impact --- ventilator-associated pneumonia --- Klebsiella spp. --- Escherichia spp. --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- endogenous infection --- methicillin-resistant --- porcine model --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) --- long term care facilities (LTCF) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) --- enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) --- ESBL --- PCR --- primer --- antimicrobial resistance --- infection prevention and control --- antimicrobial stewardship --- hospital --- cluster analysis --- principal component analysis

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Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are a common cause of infections in both community and healthcare settings and have become an increasing threat to public health worldwide. The focus of this Special Issue includes aspects concerning plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance along with other carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Understanding the prevalence and routes of transmission of CRE is important in developing specific interventions for healthcare facilities, as well as the general impact of CRE circulation on the environment. Attention has also been focused on carbapenemase testing in order to provide advanced phenotypic and molecular assays for the identification of CRE, as a valid tool for active global surveillance, and from this perspective, the study of resistance mechanisms can provide significant support for the development of new and appropriate antimicrobial molecules. For all of these reasons, the phenomenon of carbapenem resistance deserves more attention, for the sake of public health.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- carbapenem resistance --- carbapenemase --- whole genome sequencing --- long reads, plasmid --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- extensively drug-resistant --- molecular typing --- carbapenemases --- Enterobacteriales --- human --- animal --- food --- environment --- carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales --- KPC --- carbapenem --- multidrug resistance --- nosocomial --- Enterobacteriaceae --- ESBL --- resistance genes --- cattle --- blaOXA-48 --- ERIC-PCR --- plasmid profile analysis --- biofilm formation --- PCR-based replicon typing --- antibiotic-resistance --- sequence types --- multilocus sequence typing --- plasmids --- antimicrobial resistance --- carbapenem inactivation method --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales --- real-time multiplex PCR --- whole-genome sequencing --- carbapenem-resistance --- Qatar --- CRE --- OXA-48 --- carbapenems resistance --- Gram-negative bacteria --- infection --- colonization --- COVID-19 --- K. pneumoniae --- porins --- ceftazidime/avibactam --- ESKAPE --- healthcare-associated infections --- antimicrobial peptides --- Temporin L --- Klebsiella michiganensis --- Citrobacter farmeri --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- transposon --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) --- outbreak --- infection control --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- IMP-6 --- porin --- efflux pump --- nosocomial infections --- NDM-1 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- Eazyplex® SuperBug CRE assay --- extended-spectrum beta-lactamases --- gram-negative rods --- LAMP method --- NDM --- VIM --- molecular epidemiology --- PFGE --- Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales --- IncX-3 --- one health --- water --- colistin susceptibility testing --- broth microdilution --- colistin broth disc elution --- Vitek 2 compact --- rapid polymyxin NP test --- Etest --- ChromID colistin R agar --- micronaut MIC-strip colistin --- population analysis profiling --- Enterobacterales --- neonates --- plasmid-typing --- sequence type --- wastewater --- virulence --- carbapenem resistance --- carbapenemase --- whole genome sequencing --- long reads, plasmid --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- extensively drug-resistant --- molecular typing --- carbapenemases --- Enterobacteriales --- human --- animal --- food --- environment --- carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales --- KPC --- carbapenem --- multidrug resistance --- nosocomial --- Enterobacteriaceae --- ESBL --- resistance genes --- cattle --- blaOXA-48 --- ERIC-PCR --- plasmid profile analysis --- biofilm formation --- PCR-based replicon typing --- antibiotic-resistance --- sequence types --- multilocus sequence typing --- plasmids --- antimicrobial resistance --- carbapenem inactivation method --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales --- real-time multiplex PCR --- whole-genome sequencing --- carbapenem-resistance --- Qatar --- CRE --- OXA-48 --- carbapenems resistance --- Gram-negative bacteria --- infection --- colonization --- COVID-19 --- K. pneumoniae --- porins --- ceftazidime/avibactam --- ESKAPE --- healthcare-associated infections --- antimicrobial peptides --- Temporin L --- Klebsiella michiganensis --- Citrobacter farmeri --- KPC-2 --- plasmid --- transposon --- carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) --- outbreak --- infection control --- pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- IMP-6 --- porin --- efflux pump --- nosocomial infections --- NDM-1 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- Eazyplex® SuperBug CRE assay --- extended-spectrum beta-lactamases --- gram-negative rods --- LAMP method --- NDM --- VIM --- molecular epidemiology --- PFGE --- Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales --- IncX-3 --- one health --- water --- colistin susceptibility testing --- broth microdilution --- colistin broth disc elution --- Vitek 2 compact --- rapid polymyxin NP test --- Etest --- ChromID colistin R agar --- micronaut MIC-strip colistin --- population analysis profiling --- Enterobacterales --- neonates --- plasmid-typing --- sequence type --- wastewater --- virulence