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Biosensing and bioimaging techniques largely promote the accurate diagnosis of intractable diseases, such as cancers, on the basis of specific molecular targets, or as-called biomarkers. To realize the assays with ultrahigh sensitivity and selectivity, the wide application of molecular biology and nanotechnology are of great necessity. Both directions may offer effective signal amplification strategies, as well as inhibition of cross-reaction interference. Therefore, this Special Issue, “Biosensing and Bioimaging: Trends and Perspective”, highlights the recent developments in intelligent biomolecule/nanostructure-based probes for bioimaging and biosensing applications. It consists of five peer-reviewed papers that cover current hot topics, such as biodegradable materials, DNA assembly, shRNA delivery and chimeric proteins, which will provide a unique perspective of advanced biosensing and bioimaging techniques.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Chagas disease --- immunoassays --- chimeric proteins --- stability --- biodegradable materials --- metal-organic framework --- metal ion nodes --- multimode imaging --- theranostic nano-platforms --- MCF-7 cells --- electrochemistry --- 2-D materials --- signal amplification --- DNA assembly --- bio-responsive fluorescent complexes --- shRNA delivery --- LncRNA MALAT1 --- cancer cells bioimaging --- therapeutics --- autophagy --- biosensor --- microfluidics --- organ-on-a-chip --- lung model --- lung-on-a-chip

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This Special Issue aims to provide an updated overview of the flourishing ongoing research activity in the field of the chemistry of natural and nature-inspired compounds. Ten of the submitted articles were accepted for publication after peer-review. Interestingly, the published papers cover a wide range of chemical reactions, different scaffolds, and several medicinal chemistry applications. Moreover, this Special Issue gathered contributions from all over the world, testifying the international scientific community’s interest in this topic. I would like to sincerely thank the MDPI staff, particularly Jade Lu and the editorial team of Molbank. I am particularly grateful to the authors that decided to share the results of their research by contributing their manuscript to this Special Issue, and, of course, to the reviewers for their valuable help.

Research & information: general --- quercetin --- flavonoids --- semi-synthetic --- PDE --- sildenafil --- molecular modeling --- Garcinia porrecta --- Clusiaceae --- xanthone --- Lansium domesticum --- Meliaceae --- MCF-7 --- triterpene onoceranoid --- hydrazone --- (+)-camphor --- valproic acid --- technology --- terpenoid --- anticonvulsant activity --- 1,2,3-triazole --- anticancer --- aminoquinoline --- hybrid compound --- kokosanolide --- tetranortriterpenoid --- C. dichotoma --- antidiabetic --- α-glucosidase --- α-amylase --- docking --- ADMET --- curcumin analog --- organic synthesis --- photophysical properties --- steady-state fluorescence --- DFT calculation --- 7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one --- O-acylation reaction --- coumarin --- lupeol derivative --- benzylidene derivative --- α-glucosidase inhibition --- Oxone® --- quercetin --- flavonoids --- semi-synthetic --- PDE --- sildenafil --- molecular modeling --- Garcinia porrecta --- Clusiaceae --- xanthone --- Lansium domesticum --- Meliaceae --- MCF-7 --- triterpene onoceranoid --- hydrazone --- (+)-camphor --- valproic acid --- technology --- terpenoid --- anticonvulsant activity --- 1,2,3-triazole --- anticancer --- aminoquinoline --- hybrid compound --- kokosanolide --- tetranortriterpenoid --- C. dichotoma --- antidiabetic --- α-glucosidase --- α-amylase --- docking --- ADMET --- curcumin analog --- organic synthesis --- photophysical properties --- steady-state fluorescence --- DFT calculation --- 7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one --- O-acylation reaction --- coumarin --- lupeol derivative --- benzylidene derivative --- α-glucosidase inhibition --- Oxone®

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This Special Issue aims to provide an updated overview of the flourishing ongoing research activity in the field of the chemistry of natural and nature-inspired compounds. Ten of the submitted articles were accepted for publication after peer-review. Interestingly, the published papers cover a wide range of chemical reactions, different scaffolds, and several medicinal chemistry applications. Moreover, this Special Issue gathered contributions from all over the world, testifying the international scientific community’s interest in this topic. I would like to sincerely thank the MDPI staff, particularly Jade Lu and the editorial team of Molbank. I am particularly grateful to the authors that decided to share the results of their research by contributing their manuscript to this Special Issue, and, of course, to the reviewers for their valuable help.

quercetin --- flavonoids --- semi-synthetic --- PDE --- sildenafil --- molecular modeling --- Garcinia porrecta --- Clusiaceae --- xanthone --- Lansium domesticum --- Meliaceae --- MCF-7 --- triterpene onoceranoid --- hydrazone --- (+)-camphor --- valproic acid --- technology --- terpenoid --- anticonvulsant activity --- 1,2,3-triazole --- anticancer --- aminoquinoline --- hybrid compound --- kokosanolide --- tetranortriterpenoid --- C. dichotoma --- antidiabetic --- α-glucosidase --- α-amylase --- docking --- ADMET --- curcumin analog --- organic synthesis --- photophysical properties --- steady-state fluorescence --- DFT calculation --- 7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one --- O-acylation reaction --- coumarin --- lupeol derivative --- benzylidene derivative --- α-glucosidase inhibition --- Oxone® --- n/a

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In the landscape of the design of carbon nanomaterials, the fine-tuning of their functionalities and physico-chemical properties has increased their potential for therapeutic, diagnostic, and biosensing applications. In this editorial, we will provide a brief overview of the contents of this Special Issue. In particular, nanoplatforms originating from the synergistic combination of carbon-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamond, etc.) with various functional molecules such as drugs, natural compounds, biomolecules, polymers, metal nanoparticles, and macrocycles that have useful applications in drug delivery, multi-targeted therapies, theranostic as well as scaffolds in tissue engineering, and as sensing materials have been selected for publication as Articles or Mini Reviews. The variety of applications covered by the nine articles published in this Special Issue of Nanomaterials are proof of the growing attention that the use of carbon nanomaterials in the biomedical/pharmaceutical field has received in recent years. We hope that readers find the contents of this Special Issue useful for their research, which is aimed to advance carbon nanomaterials from the laboratory to clinical nanomedicine.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- graphene oxide --- covalent functionalization --- cortical membranes --- calcium phosphate deposition --- graphene/gold nanocomposite --- SERS --- Dopamine --- Rhodamine 6G --- nanodiamond --- tritium --- biodistribution --- Ewing sarcoma --- drug delivery --- siRNA --- nanomedicine --- porphyrin --- J-aggregates --- carbon nanotubes --- nanohybrids --- graphene --- liquid biopsy --- circulating tumor cells --- exosomes --- circulating nucleic acids --- COVID-19 --- pyrrole --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- drug delivery systems --- nanoparticles --- carbon dots --- platelet aggregation --- arterial thrombosis --- signaling molecules --- bleeding disorder --- cytotoxicity --- carbon nanomaterials --- camptothecin --- Caco-2 --- MCF-7 --- NanoHy-GPS --- antibacterial nanosystems --- one-pot microwave-assisted reaction --- silver nanoparticles --- polyvinyl alcohol --- n/a

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Polyamines are ubiquitous polycations essential for all cellular life. The most common polyamines in eukaryotes, spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, exist in millimolar intracellular concentrations that are tightly regulated through biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. Polyamines interact with, and regulate, negatively charged macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and ion channels. Accordingly, alterations in polyamine metabolism affect cellular proliferation and survival through changes in gene expression and transcription, translation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these multifaceted polyamine functions contribute to multiple disease processes, thus their metabolism and function have been targeted for preventive or therapeutic intervention. The correlation between elevated polyamine levels and cancer is well established, and ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the production of putrescine, is a bona fide transcriptional target of the Myc oncogene. Furthermore, induced polyamine catabolism contributes to carcinogenesis that is associated with certain forms of chronic infection and/or inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species. These and other characteristics specific to cancer cells have led to the development of polyamine-based agents and inhibitors aimed at exploiting the polyamine metabolic pathway for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive benefit. In addition to cancer, polyamines are involved in the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, parasitic and infectious diseases, wound healing, ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and certain age-related conditions, as polyamines are known to decrease with age. As in cancer, polyamine-based therapies for these conditions are an area of active investigation. With recent advances in immunotherapy, interest has increased regarding polyamine-associated modulation of immune responses, as well as potential immunoregulation of polyamine metabolism, the results of which could have relevance to multiple disease processes. The goal of this Special Issue of Medical Sciences is to present the most recent advances in polyamine research as it relates to health, disease, and/or therapy.

protein synthesis in cancer --- neuroblastoma --- epigenetics --- Drosophila imaginal discs --- pneumococcal pneumonia --- transgenic mice --- spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase --- ?-difluoromethylornithine --- MYC --- skeletal muscle --- protein expression --- curcumin --- colorectal cancer --- autophagy --- human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) --- melanoma --- tumor immunity --- Snyder-Robinson Syndrome --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- B-lymphocytes --- autoimmunity --- spermine oxidase --- cell differentiation --- diferuloylmethane --- immunity --- antizyme --- transgenic mouse --- polyamine --- hirsutism --- chemoprevention --- CRISPR --- transglutaminase --- polyamine analogs --- NF-?B --- spermine synthase --- atrophy --- aging --- oxidative stress --- mast cells --- African sleeping sickness --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- eflornithine --- carcinogenesis --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine transport inhibitor --- putrescine --- neutrophils --- spermidine --- untranslated region --- spermine --- polyphenol --- M2 macrophages --- polyamine transport system --- metabolism --- difluoromethylorthinine --- DFMO --- antizyme inhibitors --- capsule --- polyamine transport --- eosinophils --- MCF-7 cells --- difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine metabolism --- mutant BRAF --- polyamines --- cadaverine --- proteomics --- airway smooth muscle cells --- breast cancer --- X-linked intellectual disability --- complementation --- T-lymphocytes --- bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs --- antizyme 1 --- cancer --- osteosarcoma