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Grooming. --- Horse. --- Lying down.

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This study investigates how the lying down behaviour is affected during the first weeks after tethering. Forty-eight dairy heifers in four trials were brought in from pasture and housed individually in straw-bedded pens prior to the experiment. During the experimental period of 24 days, the heifers were either tethered in stalls with concrete floor during all 24 days, the last 10 days, the last 3 days, or stayed in the pens for the whole period (control). At the end of the experimental period, the behaviour of all heifers was video-recorded during 24 h. The number of investigations of the lying surface per lying down was largest (PPPPP<0.001). Heifers tethered for 3 days appeared to have the greatest problems and loose heifers appeared to have fewest problems with lying down. The results suggest that heifers have problems lying down in tie-stalls, especially shortly after tethering, and that full adaptation to tethering does not occur within the time investigated

Adaptation. --- Behaviour. --- Control. --- Experiment. --- Floor. --- Heifers. --- Investigation. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Pasture. --- Pen. --- Time.

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Many studies have been carried out with the aim of reducing aggression after mixing unfamiliar pigs. A major problem in these studies has been the individual variation in aggressiveness between pigs. This study examined whether aggressiveness, as measured in tests on individual animals in a resident-intruder situation, is predictive of the level of aggression shown after mixing unfamiliar pigs, and whether information on this individual aggressiveness can be used to reduce aggression after mixing. One hundred eighty-nine pigs were tested for individual aggressiveness in their home pens and categorised as high- or low-aggressive (H or L), according to their attack latency. Eighty-eight of these pigs were then mixed in groups of eight, with four pigs from each of two litters. The combinations used were H/H (4H + 4H), H/L (4H + 4L) and L/L (4L + 4L). In a follow-up study, a further 32 pigs were mixed into the combinations HL/HL (HHLL + HHLL). The pigs were observed for 3 h on the day of mixing, and for 2 h on days 1, 2, 6 and 7 after mixing. During observations, aggressive interactions, and whether the pigs avoided lying down next to a pig from the unfamiliar litter were recorded. Fresh skin lesions were counted on each pig 2 h following mixing, and again 2 days later. In the majority of the groups, there was a clear distinction between a winner- and a loser-litter within the first 2 h after mixing. The number of pairs fighting in the 2 h immediately following mixing was lowest in the H/L groups. The number of skin lesions on the pigs from the winner-litter both immediately after mixing and 2 days later was highest in H/H groups. Thus, the relative level of aggressiveness seemed to determine the number of pairs that fought and the absolute level determined the intensity of fighting, with L pigs fighting less vigorously than H pigs. Speed of group integration was again affected by the absolute level of aggressiveness. The presence of H pigs in a group slowed down gro

Aggression. --- Aggressive. --- Aggressiveness. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Fighting. --- Group. --- Individual variation. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Lesion. --- Lesions. --- Level. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Mixing. --- Observation. --- Pen. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Variation.

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The behavior of two tigers (Panthera tigris) individually caged and transported once for 4.25 h and the behavior of four tigers that were transported twice for 4.2 and 4.5 h while caged as a group was analyzed. The tigers were videotaped during transport and the amount of time spent pacing, lying, and standing and walking was determined. Environmental conditions encountered during the trips, as well as tiger body temperature, were recorded at 5 min intervals during transport. Tigers that had access to an exercise pen and performed previous to transport spent most of their transport session lying down. Only toward the end of the trip did they exhibit pacing behavior. In contrast, those tigers that had not performed within a half day before transport and had no access to an exercise pen exhibited more frequent pacing behavior throughout transport. While slight rises in body temperature did coincide with some instances of pacing, increases in body temperature by one degree or more were most likely attributable to exertion during performances before transport. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Access. --- Behavior. --- Body temperature. --- Body-temperature. --- Boxes. --- Circus. --- Exercise. --- Group. --- Horses. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Pacing. --- Pen. --- Performance. --- Pigs. --- Standing. --- Stress. --- Temperature. --- Tigers. --- Time. --- Transport. --- Walking.

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Truthfulness and falsehood --- Believability --- Credibility --- Falsehood --- Lying --- Untruthfulness --- Reliability --- Truth --- Honesty --- Post-truth