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There are currently 31 countries classified as low income, less than half the number in 2001. Rapid growth in low-income countries from 2001 to 2018 allowed many to progress to middle-income status, supported by the commodity price boom of 2001-11, debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, increased investment in human and physical capital, improved economic policy frameworks, and recoveries from the deep recessions in transition economies during the 1990s. However, the prospects for current low-income countries appear much more challenging. Compared to the low-income countries in 2001 that became middle-income countries, today's low-income countries are further below the middle-income country threshold and more often fragile; their heavy reliance on agriculture makes them vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events; and their scope to boost external trade is limited by geography. Coordinated and multi-pronged policy efforts are required to address these challenges.
Commodities --- Commodity Prices --- Debt Relief --- Economic Growth --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Institutions --- Low-Income Country --- Poverty Reduction --- Transition Economies
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This paper studies the effects of global and domestic inflation shocks on core price inflation in 105 countries between 1970 and 2016, by using a heterogeneous panel vector-autoregressive model. The methodology allows accounting for differences across groups of countries (advanced economies, emerging markets and developing economies, and low-income countries) and across groups with different country characteristics (such as foreign exchange and monetary policy regimes). The empirical results indicate that most of the variation in inflation among low-income countries over the past decades is accounted for by external shocks. More than half of the variation in core inflation rates among low-income countries is due to global core price shocks, compared with one-eighth in advanced economies. Global food and energy price shocks account for another 13 percent of core inflation variation in low-income countries-half more than in advanced economies and one-fifth more than in emerging markets and developing economies. This points to challenges in anchoring domestic inflation expectations, which have been most evident among low-income countries with floating exchange rates, especially in cases where central bank independence has been weak.
Commodities --- External Shock --- Heterogeneous Panel Var Model --- Inflation --- Inflation Expectations --- Low-Income Country --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Monetary Policy --- Terms of Trade Shock
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Epidemiology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Sociology of the developing countries --- Developing countries --- Developing Countries. --- Neoplasms --- Cancer --- -Developing Countries --- Kanker --- Derde wereld --- Cancers --- Carcinoma --- Malignancy (Cancer) --- Malignant tumors --- Tumors --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- epidemiology. --- Reporting --- -Statistics, Medical. --- Tiers-monde --- Statistics. --- Statistics --- Cancer. Genèse. Pays sous-développés. --- Kanker. Ontstaan. Onderontwikkelde gebieden. --- Developing Countries --- epidemiology --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Statistics, Medical. --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country
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Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Developing countries --- Diet in disease --- Nutritionally induced diseases --- Developing Countries --- Disease --- Nutrition Disorders --- Congresses --- etiology --- congresses --- complications --- Developing Countries. --- 613.2 --- -Diet and disease --- Disease, Diet in --- Sick --- Dietetics --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- etiology. --- complications. --- Voedingsleer. Dieet --- Nutrition --- -etiology. --- Diet --- Diet and disease --- Dietary causes of disease --- Diseases --- Nutrition disorders --- Food --- Adverse effects --- Dietary aspects --- Causes and theories of causation --- Toxicology --- congresses. --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country
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Hôpitaux --- Conception et construction. --- Services techniques. --- Meubles, équipements, etc --- Developing Countries. --- Health Planning. --- Health Services. --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- Service, Health --- PL93-641 --- Public Law 93-641 --- Health and Welfare Planning --- National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 --- Planning, Health and Welfare --- State Health Planning, United States --- Planning, Health --- Public Law 93 641 --- Planning Techniques --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Developing countries --- Health planning --- Health services --- Developing countries. --- Health planning. --- Health services. --- Developing Countries --- Health Planning --- Health Services --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Hôpitaux - Conception et construction. --- Hôpitaux - Services techniques. --- Hôpitaux - Meubles, équipements, etc --- Hôpitaux - Pays en voie de développement
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Developing Countries. --- Microbiological Techniques. --- Biotechnology --- -Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Microbiologic Technic --- Microbiologic Technics --- Microbiologic Technique --- Microbiological Technics --- Technic, Microbiologic --- Technics, Microbiological --- Technique, Microbiologic --- Techniques, Microbiologic --- Microbiologic Techniques --- Microbiological Technic --- Microbiological Technique --- Technic, Microbiological --- Technics, Microbiologic --- Technique, Microbiological --- Techniques, Microbiological --- Microbiology --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- methods --- -Developing Countries. --- Developing Countries --- Microbiological Techniques --- Chemical engineering --- Developing countries --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country
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Urban Health. --- Urban Population. --- Developing Countries. --- Steden --- Désherbage --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Urban Spatial Distribution --- Distribution, Urban Spatial --- Distributions, Urban Spatial --- Population, Urban --- Populations, Urban --- Urban Populations --- Urban Spatial Distributions --- Cities --- Health, Urban --- Villes --- Deselectie --- Urban health --- Urban population --- Developing countries --- Urban health. --- Urban population. --- Developing countries. --- Urban Health --- Urban Population --- Developing Countries --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Urban Residence --- Residence, Urban --- Urban Residences
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Women --- Smoking --- Women's Health --- Developing Countries. --- Women's Health. --- Tabak --- Vrouwen --- Woman's Health --- Womens Health --- Health, Woman's --- Health, Women's --- Health, Womens --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- adverse effects. --- prevention & control. --- psychology. --- Tabac --- Femmes --- Tobacco use. --- Tobacco use --- Prevention. --- psychology --- Psychology. --- Anti-Smoking Campaign --- Anti-Smoking Education --- Anti Smoking Campaign --- Anti Smoking Education --- Anti-Smoking Campaigns --- Anti-Smoking Educations --- Campaign, Anti-Smoking --- Campaigns, Anti-Smoking --- Education, Anti-Smoking --- Prevention, Smoking --- Preventions, Smoking --- Smoking Preventions --- prevention & control --- Developing Countries --- adverse effects --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Smoking cessation --- Women's health
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The fifteen papers presented here examine three centuries of close, if sometimes ambiguous, links between Christian mission and medicine. The authors, who include theologians, historians, sociologists, physicians and representatives of major international health-care organisations, address themselves to such questions as: How is one to assess the results of past missionary health-care effort? How are modern-day Christian organisations to cope with the burden of institutions set up in the past? What links should the Churches maintain with official medical organisations? What position should the Churches take on the 'faith volume healing' debate begun by certain religious groups? And how is one to lay the groundwork of a theology of health and healing? The complexity of the issues outlined here can - alas - provide no easy answers. Quinze auteurs, compris théologiens, historiens, sociologues, médecins et responsables d'organisations sanitaires, ont centré leurs réflections sur le rôle des Églises chrétiennes dans le domaine de la santé, hier dans les pays de mission, aujourd'hui dans ces mêmes régions où se mûrit une véritable inculturation du christianisme. Dans cet ouvrage ils abordent plusieurs questions fondamentales: comment évaluer les résultats et lacunes de l'action sanitaire des missions dans le passé? Les communautées chrétiennes actuelles doivent-elles porter le poids d'institutions mises en place hier? Quels rapports les Églises doivent-elles entretenir avec les organisations médicales officielles? Comment les Églises se situent-elles dans la dialectique 'foi-guérison' développée par certains groupes religieux? Plus profondément, comment poser les jalons d'une théologie de la santé et de la guérison? Trouver les reponses sur ces questions complexes c'est une tache très délicate.
Missionaries, Medical --- #GGSB: Missiologie (geschiedenis missie) --- Developing Countries. --- Health Services --- 266.1*96 --- Medical missionaries --- Missions, Medical --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- history. --- Missie en medische hulpverlening --- 266.1*96 Missie en medische hulpverlening --- Developing Countries --- history --- Missiologie (geschiedenis missie) --- Missionaries, Medical. --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- MISSIONNAIRES --- SANTE --- TIERS-MONDE
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Santé publique --- Orientation --- Pays en développement --- #SBIB:39A9 --- Developing Countries. --- Public Health. --- Sociology, Medical. --- Sociology of Medicine --- Medical Sociology --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Africa. --- Santé publique --- Pays en développement --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Developing Countries --- Public Health --- Sociology, Medical --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country
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