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Mitigation investments in long-lived capital stock (LLKS) differ from other types of mitigation investments in that, once established, LLKS can lock-in a stream of emissions for extended periods of time. Moreover, historical examples from industrial countries suggest that investments in LLKS projects or networks tend to be lumpy, and tend to generate significant indirect and induced emissions besides direct emissions. Looking forward, urbanization and rapid economic growth suggest that similar decisions about LLKS are being or will soon be made in many developing countries. In their current form, carbon markets do not provide correct incentives for mitigation investments in LLKS because the constraint on carbon extends only to 2012, and does not extend to many developing countries. Targeted mitigation programs in regions and sectors in which LLKS is being built at rapid rate are thus necessary to avoid getting locked into highly carbon-intensive LLKS. Even if the carbon markets were extended (geographically, sectorally, and over time), public intervention would still be required, for three main reasons. First, to ensure that indirect and induced emissions associated with LLKS are taken into account in investor's financial cost-benefit analysis. Second, to facilitate project or network financing to bridge the gap between carbon revenues that accrue over time as the project/network unfolds and the capital needed upfront to finance lumpy investments. Third, to internalize other non-carbon externalities (e.g., local pollution) and/or to lift barriers (e.g., lack of capacity to handle new technologies) that penalize the low-carbon alternatives relative to the high-carbon ones.

Bridge --- Carbon dioxide --- Cars --- Climate change --- Cost-benefit analysis --- Emission --- Emissions --- Emissions targets --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Externalities --- Greenhouse gases --- Land use --- Low carbon technologies --- Methane --- Nitrous oxide --- Pollution --- Price incentives --- Rail --- Rail networks --- Road --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transportation

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A wide variety of technologies and products have already become widespread in our society. However, policies have not been well-implemented to effectively reduce energy consumptions and CO2 emissions by promoting low-carbon technologies and products. This Special Issue focuses on studies targeting specific products (e.g., motor vehicle, household dishwashers, etc.) and/or technologies (e.g., information and communication technology, transport technology, CO2 capture technology, etc.) and quantifying resource and energy consumptions and CO2 emissions associated with products and technology systems using the reliable inventory database. Thus, this Special Issue provides important studies on how demand- and supply-side policies can contribute to reducing energy consumptions and CO2 emissions from consumption- and production-based perspectives.

History of engineering & technology --- lifecycle analysis --- CAFE standards --- fuel economy --- automobile manufacture --- carbon footprint --- hybrid MRIO --- SDA --- energy saving --- energy composition --- China --- information and communications technology --- productivity --- renewable energy --- energy sector --- distributed energy system --- resource security --- domestic mineral production --- input-output analysis --- environmental assessment --- transition --- low carbon technologies --- low carbon transition --- decarbonisation --- zero carbon --- air pollution --- diesel ban --- electric vehicles --- transport policy --- transport planning --- London --- CO2 emissions --- household consumption --- index decomposition analysis --- structural decomposition analysis --- aging society --- Japan --- CO2 capture --- thermal power plants --- oxyfuel combustion --- allam cycle --- post-combustion --- pre-combustion --- energy efficiency policy --- household appliances --- eco-design --- energy labelling --- indirect impacts --- general equilibrium model --- FIDELIO model --- road transport --- low carbon scenario --- GHG mitigation measures --- cost-benefit --- mitigation cost --- financing --- climate change --- energy-saving --- attitude --- Big Five --- personality traits --- office --- household --- pro-environment

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Sustainability is a fairly old concept, born in the 18th century in the field of forestry, within a mono-functionality perspective. The concept has considerably evolved in the last few years towards a multi-functionality context, with applications reported in practically all areas of economic interest. On the other hand, modern sustainability is a complex problem, for two reasons: a) The multiplicity of functions of a very different nature involved in the process and b) The manner in which different segments of the society or stakeholders perceive the relative importance of these functions. For the above reasons, a realistic approach for dealing with the sustainability issue requires taking into consideration multiple criteria of different nature (economic, environmental and social), and in many cases within a participatory decision making framework. This book presents a collection of papers, dealing with different theoretical and applied issues of sustainability, with the help of a modern multi-criteria decision-making theory, with a single as well as several stakeholders involved in the decision-making process. Hopefully, this material will encourage academics and practitioners to alter their research in this hot and vital topic. After all, the sustainable management of the environment and its embedded resources is one of the most important, if not the major challenge of the 21st century.

Economics, finance, business & management --- goal programming --- interactive methods --- forest planning --- Green-Tree Retention --- climate and energy policy --- transformation pathways --- low carbon technologies --- decision support --- multi-criteria analysis --- fuzzy PROMETHEE --- supplier evaluation --- supplier segmentation --- multi-attribute utility theory --- preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluation --- quality indicator --- food safety --- fresh food --- sustainable supply chain --- multicriteria --- circular economy --- composite indicators --- sustainability --- TOPSIS --- Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) --- carbon neutral --- ISO 14001 --- economic-strategic --- environmental sustainability --- Costa Rica --- criteria --- food and biodegradable waste --- analytic hierarchy process --- benefit–cost analysis --- multi-criteria decision analysis --- waste disposal technology --- anaerobic digestion --- weak sustainability --- strong sustainability --- NAIADE --- rural land use planning --- forestry --- agricultural sustainability --- environmental performance --- sustainability indices --- best-worst method --- irrigated olive groves --- Spain --- CoCoSo method --- Shannon Entropy method --- “Agenda 2030” --- sustainable development goals --- EU countries --- achievement --- assessment --- wind energy --- multi-objective optimization --- weighted goal programming --- progressive bounded constraint --- n/a --- benefit-cost analysis --- "Agenda 2030"

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Sustainability is a fairly old concept, born in the 18th century in the field of forestry, within a mono-functionality perspective. The concept has considerably evolved in the last few years towards a multi-functionality context, with applications reported in practically all areas of economic interest. On the other hand, modern sustainability is a complex problem, for two reasons: a) The multiplicity of functions of a very different nature involved in the process and b) The manner in which different segments of the society or stakeholders perceive the relative importance of these functions. For the above reasons, a realistic approach for dealing with the sustainability issue requires taking into consideration multiple criteria of different nature (economic, environmental and social), and in many cases within a participatory decision making framework. This book presents a collection of papers, dealing with different theoretical and applied issues of sustainability, with the help of a modern multi-criteria decision-making theory, with a single as well as several stakeholders involved in the decision-making process. Hopefully, this material will encourage academics and practitioners to alter their research in this hot and vital topic. After all, the sustainable management of the environment and its embedded resources is one of the most important, if not the major challenge of the 21st century.

goal programming --- interactive methods --- forest planning --- Green-Tree Retention --- climate and energy policy --- transformation pathways --- low carbon technologies --- decision support --- multi-criteria analysis --- fuzzy PROMETHEE --- supplier evaluation --- supplier segmentation --- multi-attribute utility theory --- preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluation --- quality indicator --- food safety --- fresh food --- sustainable supply chain --- multicriteria --- circular economy --- composite indicators --- sustainability --- TOPSIS --- Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) --- carbon neutral --- ISO 14001 --- economic-strategic --- environmental sustainability --- Costa Rica --- criteria --- food and biodegradable waste --- analytic hierarchy process --- benefit–cost analysis --- multi-criteria decision analysis --- waste disposal technology --- anaerobic digestion --- weak sustainability --- strong sustainability --- NAIADE --- rural land use planning --- forestry --- agricultural sustainability --- environmental performance --- sustainability indices --- best-worst method --- irrigated olive groves --- Spain --- CoCoSo method --- Shannon Entropy method --- “Agenda 2030” --- sustainable development goals --- EU countries --- achievement --- assessment --- wind energy --- multi-objective optimization --- weighted goal programming --- progressive bounded constraint --- n/a --- benefit-cost analysis --- "Agenda 2030"

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The recent economic crisis was a dramatic reminder that capitalism can both produce and destroy. It's a system that by its very nature encourages predators and creators, locusts and bees. But, as Geoff Mulgan argues in this compelling, imaginative, and important book, the economic crisis also presents a historic opportunity to choose a radically different future for capitalism, one that maximizes its creative power and minimizes its destructive force. In an engaging and wide-ranging argument, Mulgan digs into the history of capitalism across the world to show its animating ideas, its utopias and dystopias, as well as its contradictions and possibilities. Drawing on a subtle framework for understanding systemic change, he shows how new political settlements reshaped capitalism in the past and are likely to do so in the future. By reconnecting value to real-life ideas of growth, he argues, efficiency and entrepreneurship can be harnessed to promote better lives and relationships rather than just a growth in the quantity of material consumption. Healthcare, education, and green industries are already becoming dominant sectors in the wealthier economies, and the fields of social innovation, enterprise, and investment are rapidly moving into the mainstream--all indicators of how capital could be made more of a servant and less a master. This is a book for anyone who wonders where capitalism might be heading next--and who wants to help make sure that its future avoids the mistakes of the past. This edition of The Locust and the Bee includes a new afterword in which the author lays out some of the key challenges facing capitalism in the twenty-first century.

Capitalism --- Economic history. --- Economics --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Europe. --- Ivan Efremov. --- Marxism. --- Thomas More. --- United States. --- Ursula LeGuin. --- William Morris. --- big business. --- capitalism. --- capitalist power. --- central business districts. --- community. --- competition. --- cooperation. --- creativity. --- creators. --- cumulative growth. --- dystopias. --- economic arrangements. --- economic change. --- economic crisis. --- economic system. --- economy. --- efficiency. --- enterprise. --- entrepreneurs. --- entrepreneurship. --- equilibrium. --- exchangeable value. --- fair rewards. --- feudal lords. --- finance. --- financial crisis. --- firms. --- food. --- generative ideas. --- genomics. --- global banks. --- goods. --- green industries. --- healthcare. --- homoeostasis. --- household sector. --- information. --- investment. --- investors. --- labor. --- land. --- liberalism. --- linearity. --- lived value. --- living conditions. --- low carbon technologies. --- maintenance. --- makers. --- market. --- markets. --- material things. --- money. --- morality. --- nanotechnology. --- old economies. --- oppressive states. --- political economy. --- political programs. --- power. --- pre-capitalist economies. --- predation. --- predators. --- production. --- progress. --- providers. --- radical alternatives. --- radical transcendence. --- radicals. --- reformers. --- scientific activity. --- social bonds. --- social innovation. --- social innovators. --- social interaction. --- social systems. --- societies. --- technologies. --- technology. --- utopias. --- wealthy economy. --- world economy.