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How game designers can use the psychological phenomenon of loss aversion to shape player experience. Getting something makes you feel good, and losing something makes you feel bad. But losing something makes you feel worse than getting the same thing makes you feel good. So finding $10 is a thrill; losing $10 is a tragedy. On an "intensity of feeling" scale, loss is more intense than gain. This is the core psychological concept of loss aversion, and in this book game creator Geoffrey Engelstein explains, with examples from both tabletop and video games, how it can be a tool in game design. Loss aversion is a profound aspect of human psychology, and directly relevant to game design; it is a tool the game designer can use to elicit particular emotions in players. Engelstein connects the psychology of loss aversion to a range of phenomena related to games, exploring, for example, the endowment effect--why, when an object is ours, it gains value over an equivalent object that is not ours--as seen in the Weighted Companion Cube in the game Portal; the framing of gains and losses to manipulate player emotions; Deal or No Deal 's use of the utility theory; and regret and competence as motivations, seen in the context of legacy games. Finally, Engelstein examines the approach to Loss Aversion in three games by Uwe Rosenberg, charting the designer's increasing mastery.
Video games --- Computer games --- Loss aversion --- Loss aversion. --- Design. --- Psychological aspects.
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This book presents collective works published in the recent Special Issue (SI) entitled "Recent Developments on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks”. These works expose the readership to the latest solutions and techniques for MANETs and VANETs. They cover interesting topics such as power-aware optimization solutions for MANETs, data dissemination in VANETs, adaptive multi-hop broadcast schemes for VANETs, multi-metric routing protocols for VANETs, and incentive mechanisms to encourage the distribution of information in VANETs. The book demonstrates pioneering work in these fields, investigates novel solutions and methods, and discusses future trends in these fields
routing protocols --- intelligent transportation systems --- VANETs --- vehicle routing --- vehicular networks --- data dissemination --- epidemic algorithms --- MANET --- energy-efficient routing --- transmission power control --- power-aware routing metrics --- power-aware optimization --- cross-layer optimization --- hybrid optimization --- fuzzy logic --- bloom filter --- nearest neighbor --- contention window size --- transmission range --- VANET broadcast --- vehicular ad-hoc networks --- loss aversion --- incentive mechanism --- message transmission --- n/a
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This book presents collective works published in the recent Special Issue (SI) entitled "Recent Developments on Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks”. These works expose the readership to the latest solutions and techniques for MANETs and VANETs. They cover interesting topics such as power-aware optimization solutions for MANETs, data dissemination in VANETs, adaptive multi-hop broadcast schemes for VANETs, multi-metric routing protocols for VANETs, and incentive mechanisms to encourage the distribution of information in VANETs. The book demonstrates pioneering work in these fields, investigates novel solutions and methods, and discusses future trends in these fields
Film, TV & radio --- routing protocols --- intelligent transportation systems --- VANETs --- vehicle routing --- vehicular networks --- data dissemination --- epidemic algorithms --- MANET --- energy-efficient routing --- transmission power control --- power-aware routing metrics --- power-aware optimization --- cross-layer optimization --- hybrid optimization --- fuzzy logic --- bloom filter --- nearest neighbor --- contention window size --- transmission range --- VANET broadcast --- vehicular ad-hoc networks --- loss aversion --- incentive mechanism --- message transmission --- routing protocols --- intelligent transportation systems --- VANETs --- vehicle routing --- vehicular networks --- data dissemination --- epidemic algorithms --- MANET --- energy-efficient routing --- transmission power control --- power-aware routing metrics --- power-aware optimization --- cross-layer optimization --- hybrid optimization --- fuzzy logic --- bloom filter --- nearest neighbor --- contention window size --- transmission range --- VANET broadcast --- vehicular ad-hoc networks --- loss aversion --- incentive mechanism --- message transmission
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Prospect theory posits that people do not perceive outcomes as final states of wealth or welfare, but rather as gains or losses in relation to some reference point. People are generally loss averse: the disutility generated by a loss is greater than the utility produced by a commensurate gain. Loss aversion is related to such phenomena as the status quo and omission biases, the endowment effect, and escalation of commitment. The book systematically analyzes the relationships between loss aversion and the law.
Law and economics --- Economics --- Actions and defenses --- Loss aversion --- Cognitive psychology --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law, General & Comparative --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Psychology --- Aversion, Loss --- Utility theory --- Civil actions --- Defense (Law) --- Interpleader --- Lawsuits --- Litigation --- Personal actions --- Real actions --- Suits (Law) --- Court proceedings --- Procedure (Law) --- Trial practice --- Civil procedure --- Remedies (Law) --- Behavioral economics --- Behavioural economics --- Economics and jurisprudence --- Economics and law --- Jurisprudence and economics --- Jurisprudence --- Law and legislation
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The neuroscience of why bad habits are so hard to break—and how evidence-based strategies can help us change our behavior more effectivelyWe all have habits we’d like to break, but for many of us it can be nearly impossible to do so. There is a good reason for this: the brain is a habit-building machine. In Hard to Break, leading neuroscientist Russell Poldrack provides an engaging and authoritative account of the science of how habits are built in the brain, why they are so hard to break, and how evidence-based strategies may help us change unwanted behaviors.Hard to Break offers a clear-eyed tour of what neuroscience tells us about habit change and debunks “easy fixes” that aren’t backed by science. It explains how dopamine is essential for building habits and how the battle between habits and intentional goal-directed behaviors reflects a competition between different brain systems. Along the way, we learn how cues trigger habits; why we should make rules, not decisions; how the stimuli of the modern world hijack the brain’s habit machinery and lead to drug abuse and other addictions; and how neuroscience may one day enable us to hack our habits. Shifting from the individual to society, the book also discusses the massive habit changes that will be needed to address the biggest challenges of our time.Moving beyond the hype to offer a deeper understanding of the biology of habits in the brain, Hard to Break reveals how we might be able to make the changes we desire—and why we should have greater empathy with ourselves and others who struggle to do so.
Human behavior. --- Cognitive psychology --- History. --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Psychology --- Charles Duhigg. --- bad habits. --- basal ganglia. --- brain chemistry. --- brain scans. --- break. --- breaking. --- choice. --- chunked action. --- delayed gratification. --- digital. --- executive function. --- food. --- goal directed behavior. --- good habits. --- hacking. --- impulse control. --- lizard brain. --- loss aversion. --- make. --- making. --- mindfulness. --- mindlessness. --- phone. --- power of habit. --- prefrontal cortex. --- public health. --- reinforcement. --- science of behavior change. --- self control. --- stickiness. --- sticky. --- stimuli. --- stress. --- ways to break. --- well being. --- Action, Human --- Behavior, Human --- Ethology --- Human action --- Human beings --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Social sciences --- Psychology, Comparative --- Behavior
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This paper presents a World Bank led and Russia trust fund financed work program to measure financial capability and the effectiveness of financial education in low and middle income countries. The two activities and their staging have been motivated by the lessons of high income countries with financial literacy programs and the deviating characteristics of low and middle income countries. While progress has been made in high-income countries to measure financial capability, there is little robust empirical evidence that financial education can improve it. While applying the financial capability concept in low and middle-income countries looks promising it will need to be adjusted to their characteristic and supported by innovative interventions and rigorous impact evaluation to improve it.
Access & Equity in Basic Education --- Access to Finance --- Accountability --- Accounting --- Behavioral Economics --- Best Practices --- Business Education --- Capacity Building --- Cash Transfers --- Consumer Protection --- Consumers --- Corruption --- Disabilities --- Disability Insurance --- Economic Development --- Economic Policy --- Education --- Education For All --- Employment Services --- Ethnic Minorities --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Management --- Financial Sector --- Financial Services --- Gender --- Gender Issues --- Human Capital --- Income Distribution --- Income Inequality --- Inequality --- Informal Lenders --- Labor Mobility --- Long-Term Planning --- Loss Aversion --- Marketing --- Minimum Wage --- Occupations --- Pension Plans --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Productivity --- Public Finance --- Public Policy --- Random Sampling --- Refugees --- Remittances --- Retirement --- Risk Management --- Rural Population --- Savings --- Schools --- Securities --- Severance Pay --- Social Insurance --- Social Risk Management --- Unemployment
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Economics --- Psychological aspects --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Psychological aspects. --- Behavioral economics --- Behavioural economics --- Applications in public policies --- Applied evolutionary economics and psychology --- Behavioral factors --- Supply and demand of health services --- Branding/advertising --- Boundary rationality --- Changes in economic behavior --- Consumer behavior, marketing and digital marketing --- Cross-cultural behavioral --- Differences between market behavior and individual behavior --- Economic and social costs of addictive behaviors --- Economic and socio-psychological determinants of e-organizations' behavior --- Preferences, judgment, choices, decisions --- New technologies --- Procedural rationality --- Technology diffusion --- Impact of technology implementation in risk reduction --- Individual and organizational decision making --- Inter-temporal choices with impact on savings and investments --- Loss aversion and risk evaluation --- Consumption and environment --- Rational behavior under imperfect competition --- Social and psychological impact of macroeconomic policies --- Overconsumption society --- Économie politique --- Commerce --- Aspect psychologique
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"The Chinese economy is now easily one of the most important and closely scrutinized economies in the world. Relatively minuscule changes in predictions of how the Chinese economy will perform can drive up or down stocks and the price of oil and other commodities. At the heart of how the Chinese economy works is its financial system-but the Chinese financial system is vastly different than most people in the West can understand. How do house prices work, for example, in a country where the very concept of property ownership is significantly different than our own? This edited volume will serve as a standard reference guide to China's financial system. With eighteen chapters, the handbook features overviews on the banking sector-the core of China's financial system and the key channel for implementing China's monetary policy-China's ongoing reforms, and the quickly growing bond and money markets, among other topics. Each chapter is written by a leading expert in the field, and as a whole the list of contributors represents an impressive mix of leading scholars and high-level policy officials, some with first-hand knowledge of setting and carrying out Chinese financial policy. The handbook will serve as the first real authoritative volume of literature in the field, and will shed extensive new light on the links between China's financial system and the real economy"--
Finance --- China --- Economic policy --- A-shares. --- British pound. --- C schemes. --- Chinese investment funds. --- Chinese mutual funds. --- Chinese rating agency. --- Euro. --- FDI. --- Fintech cities. --- IFRS. --- IMF. --- IPO reform. --- Japanese yen. --- LGFV. --- McCallum rule. --- PBC policy rates. --- Q schemes. --- QFII. --- RMB cross-border flows. --- RMB internationalization. --- RMB lending. --- RQFII, QDII. --- SOEs. --- Shanghai stock exchange. --- Shenzhen stock exchange. --- Taylor rule. --- US dollar. --- VC. --- accounting system. --- asset management. --- banking institutions. --- banking regulations. --- banking. --- basic social security. --- benchmark rates. --- bond connect. --- bond credit ratings. --- bond markets. --- capital account liberalization. --- central bank independence. --- corporate governance. --- credit extension. --- credit market rates. --- domestic assets. --- employer-sponsored annuity programs. --- equity markets. --- familiarity. --- fintech development. --- fintech regulatory developments. --- fintech. --- foreign direct investment. --- foreign exchange. --- hedge funds. --- infrastructure financing. --- interbank markets. --- interest rate liberalization. --- interest rates. --- internet usage. --- investor behavior. --- investor behavioral biases. --- limited attention. --- liquidity facility rates. --- local government financing vehicles. --- loss aversion. --- macroprudential policies. --- market economy. --- microprudential supervision initiatives. --- monetary policy instruments. --- monetary policy. --- money markets. --- mutual fund industry. --- mutual funds. --- online shopping. --- overconfidence. --- pension system. --- pensions. --- price-based policy instruments. --- private equity funds. --- public pension scheme. --- quantity-based policy instruments. --- real state market. --- representativeness bias. --- shadow banking. --- shareholder activism. --- state-owned commercial banks. --- stock connect. --- stock market regulations. --- stock market. --- venture capital funds. --- venture capital market.
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