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This paper develops the structural Ricardian method, a new approach to modeling agricultural performance using cross-sectional evidence, and uses the method to study animal husbandry in Africa. The model is intended to estimate the structure beneath Ricardian results in order to understand how farmers change their behavior in response to climate. A survey of over 5,000 livestock farmers in 10 countries reveals that the selection of species, the net income per animal, and the number of animals are all highly dependent on climate. As climate warms, net income across all animals will fall, especially across beef cattle. The fall in net income causes African farmers to reduce the number of animals on their farms. The fall in relative revenues also causes them to shift away from beef cattle and toward sheep and goats. All farmers will lose income but the most vulnerable farms are large African farms that currently specialize in beef cattle. Small livestock and large livestock farms respond to climates differently. Small farms are diversified, relying on dairy cattle, goats, sheep, and chickens. Large farms specialize in dairy and beef cattle. Estimating a separate multinomial logit selection model for small and large farms reveals that the two types of farm choose species differently and specifically have different climate response functions. The regressions of the number of animals also reveal that large farms are more responsive to climate. The results indicate that warming will be harmful to commercial livestock owners, especially cattle owners. Owners of commercial livestock farms have few alternatives either in crops or other animal species. In contrast, small livestock farms are better able to adapt to warming or precipitation increases by switching to heat tolerant animals or crops. Livestock operations will be a safety valve for small farmers if warming or drought causes their crops to fail.

Agriculture --- Animal --- Animal husbandry --- Animals --- Beef --- Beef cattle --- Environment --- Farm --- Farmer --- Livestock --- Livestock and Animal Husbandry --- Livestock farmers --- Livestock Management --- Wildlife Resources

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This paper uses quantitative methods to examine the way African farmers have adapted livestock management to the range of climates found across the African continent. The authors use logit analysis to estimate whether farmers adopt livestock. They then use three econometric models to examine which species farmers choose: a primary choice multinomial logit, an optimal portfolio multinomial logit, and a demand system multivariate probit. Comparing the results of the three methods of estimating species selection reveals that the three approaches yield similar results. Using data from over 9,000 African livestock farmers in 10 countries, the analysis finds that farmers are more likely to choose to have livestock as temperatures increase and as precipitation decreases. Across all methods of estimating choice, livestock farmers in warmer locations are less likely to choose beef cattle and chickens and more likely to choose goats and sheep. As precipitation increases, cattle and sheep decrease but goats and chickens increase. The authors simulate the way farmers' choices might change with a set of uniform climate changes and a set of climate model scenarios. The uniform scenarios predict that warming and drying would increase livestock ownership but that increases in precipitation would decrease it. The climate scenarios predict a decrease in the probability of beef cattle and an increase in the probability of sheep and goats, and they predict that more heat-tolerant animals will dominate the future African landscape.

Agriculture --- Animal --- Animals --- Beef --- Beef cattle --- Chickens --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Environment --- Farm --- Farmer --- Livestock --- Livestock and Animal Husbandry --- Livestock farmers --- Livestock management --- Peri-Urban Communities --- Rural Development --- Rural Urban Linkages --- Urban Development --- Wildlife Resources

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The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle.

Agriculture --- Animal --- Animals --- Beef --- Beef Cattle --- Chickens --- Climate Change --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Dairy --- Dairy Cattle --- Environment --- Farm --- Farmer --- Feed --- Goats --- Livestock --- Livestock and Animal Husbandry --- Livestock Farmers --- Livestock Income --- Livestock Production --- Livestock Products --- Livestock Sector --- Livestock Species --- Peri-Urban Communities --- Pigs --- Rural Development --- Rural Urban Linkages --- Sheep --- Urban Development --- Wildlife Resources

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This book focuses on case studies and theoretical concepts on sustainable land-use management in agroforestry systems. Special attention is given to farmland management in the contexts of farmers’ investments, farmers’ economic and behavioral factors, and farmers’ perceptions of irrigation systems. Urban agriculture and its extensions (e.g., urban gardening and urban beekeeping) are also featured in this book, in addition to the ways in which these practices can contribute to biodiversity conservation goals. Additionally, a case study on the use of the ecosystem evaluation index is featured and provides scientific and practical bases for land protection. Lastly, a state-of-the-art review on land-use policy is included, providing insights into how agroforestry systems can be converted to other land uses to meet the current demands. Scientists, practitioners, and policymakers can make use of this book in designing sustainable agroforestry systems.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- urban beekeeping --- regulations --- barrier --- setback --- 3D laser scanner --- remote sensing --- fence location --- organic agriculture --- environment-friendly agriculture --- regression tree --- attitude --- motivation --- satisfaction --- property rights --- ecological property rights --- forestry investment --- farmers’ behavior --- reservoir confluence area --- subjective wellbeing --- community perceptions --- urban gardening --- Indonesia --- COVID-19 --- evidence-based policymaking --- agricultural land --- forests --- consensus building --- Japan --- collective forest rights --- land tenure --- reform --- forestland investment --- public welfare --- forest land --- migration --- drought tolerant breeds --- adaptation --- relief grants --- policy intervention --- smallholder livestock farmers --- agricultural --- urban --- rice–fish farming --- biodiversity --- education --- experience --- museum --- land use --- land cover --- temporal and spatial change --- ecosystem assessment --- GIS --- northeast forest belt --- agroecosystem services --- alpine areas --- extensive livestock farming --- stakeholder participation --- focus group --- water resources --- water framework directive --- n/a --- farmers' behavior --- rice-fish farming