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Acute inflammation is a highly regulated process, and its dysregulation can lead to the development of a chronic inflammatory state which is believed to play a main role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. In recent years, the need to find new anti-inflammatory molecules has raised the scientific community´s interest for marine natural products. In this regard, the marine environment represents a source for isolating a wealth of bioactive compounds. In this Special Issue, the reported products have been obtained from microalgae, sea cucumber, octopus, squid, red alga-derived fungus, cnidarians, hard-shelled mussel, and sponges. This Special Issue of Marine Drugs covers both the in vitro and in vivo studies of marine agents with anti-inflammatory activities, in addition to clinical trials conducted in humans. Among the bioactive molecules reported in the papers are lipid compounds, such as glycolipids, which, for the first time, demonstrated their preventive effects in an inflammatory model of skin hyperplasia. In addition, beneficial effects of the carotenoid fucoxanthin were shown in the same model of skin hyperplasia, in UVB-induced damage and in a model of inflammatory pain. Moreover, frondanol, a lipid extract from Cucumaria frondosa, attenuated inflammation in an acute colitis model. Another paper evaluated the fatty acid compositions of lipid extracts from some common seafood organisms, reporting the highest level of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the highest anti-inflammatory activity in the extracts from octopus and squid byproducts. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of other marine compounds have been reported, including hirsutanol A, a sesquiterpene from the red alga-derived marine fungus Chondrostereum sp. NTOU4196, two zoanthamine alkaloids from the zoantharian Zoanthus cf. pulchellus, an α-D-glucan from the hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus), and the polyphenol pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol from an edible marine brown alga.Finally, this Special Issue is supplemented by three reviews focused on the occurrence of prostaglandins in the marine environment and their anti-inflammatory role; fish lipid emulsions used to improve patient outcomes in an inflammatory environment, such as postoperative; and the chemically induced production of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from microalgae.

Tropical Eastern Pacific --- Zoanthus pulchellus --- critical illness --- zoanthamine --- SPR analysis --- dendritic cells --- endothelial cell death --- T cell differentiation --- seafood waste --- microalgae --- pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6 --- NRLP3 --- THP-1 macrophages --- fucoxanthin --- photo-protection --- cytokine --- thromboxane --- Isochrysis galbana --- fish oil --- photoprotection --- functional ingredients --- rosmarinic acid --- MAPK --- marine invertebrates --- poor blood circulation --- anti-inflammatory activity --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- anti-oxidative --- macroalgae --- colon inflammation --- MGDG --- TLR4 --- 6-bieckol --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) --- acute sickness behavior --- UVB --- eicosanoid --- clavulones --- carotenoids --- denervation --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- skin --- epidermal hyperplasia --- Geodia barretti --- omega-3 --- parenteral nutrition --- inflammation --- ultraviolet B --- docosahexaenoic acid --- signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) --- anti-inflammatory --- zoantharia --- vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration --- bioactive molecules --- polysaccharides --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- glycolipids --- DSS colitis --- punaglandins --- marine nutraceuticals --- marine vertebrates --- phlorotannins --- acute lung injury (ALI) --- NF-?B --- diatoms --- interleukin (IL) --- inflammasome --- Frondanol --- Cucumaria frondosa --- prostaglandins --- Ecklonia cava --- 6-bromoindole --- NO inhibition --- surgery

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This Special Issue, as a continuation of the previous Special Issue, “Bioactive Molecules from Extreme Environments” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/Extreme_Environments accessed on 4 November 2021), includes 10 research articles and 2 reviews, providing a wide overview of the chemical biodiversity offered by different marine organisms inhabiting extreme environments to be used for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. The six articles in this Special Issue are focused on the polar regions, which represent an untapped source of marine natural products and are still largely unexplored compared to more accessible sites. Many of these articles refer to Antarctica, which is the coldest and most inaccessible continent on the Earth, where extreme temperatures, light and ice have selected biological communities with a unique suite of bioactive metabolites. The marine organisms of Arctic and Antarctic environments are a reservoir of natural compounds, exhibiting huge structural diversity and significant bioactivities that could be used in human applications.

Arctic/Antarctic --- marine bioprospecting --- marine natural product --- terpene --- terpenoid --- biotechnological application --- drug discovery --- microalgae --- Muriellopsis --- spray drying --- freeze-drying --- lutein --- supercritical fluid extraction --- cyclic tripeptides --- antibacterial --- Antarctica sponge-derived fungus --- Aspergillus insulicola --- psychrophiles --- Antarctic bacteria --- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- lipid A --- structural characterization --- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- marine natural products --- Mollusca --- Gastropoda --- chemical ecology --- crustin --- antimicrobial peptides --- shrimp --- deep-sea hydrothermal vent --- deep-sea microorganism --- fungus --- Penicillium griseofulvum --- anti-food allergy --- fungal metabolites --- Paenibacillus --- Arctic --- Svalbard --- Marfey’s method --- DP4 calculation --- quinone reductase --- lipopeptide --- 3-amino-2-pyrrolidinone --- green synthesis --- biomaterials --- metal --- antibiotics --- nanotechnology --- deep sea natural products --- Mariana Trench --- Dermacoccus abyssi MT 1.1T --- 13C-NMR chemical shift linear and multiple regression --- (DFT)-UV-Vis spectral calculation --- phenoxazine --- dermacozine --- absorption maxima in the near infrared region --- Antarctica --- sponges --- mycalols --- marine biotechnology --- antifungal activity --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Panama disease --- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense --- bioactive compound --- iturin A5 --- n/a

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Mounting evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between metabolism and inflammation. Molecular crosstalk between these processes occurs at different levels with the participation of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). There are three PPAR isotypes, α, β/δ, and γ, which modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, making them key for the control of cellular, organ, and systemic processes. PPAR activity is governed by fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and by drugs used in clinics (glitazones and fibrates). The study of PPAR action, also modulated by post-translational modifications, has enabled extraordinary advances in the understanding of the multifaceted roles of these receptors in metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation both in health and disease. This Special Issue of IJMS includes a broad range of basic and translational article, both original research and reviews, focused on the latest developments in the regulation of metabolic and/or inflammatory processes by PPARs in all organs and the microbiomes of different vertebrate species.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Biochemistry --- nuclear receptor --- gene transcription --- inflammation --- molecular docking --- PPARβ/δ --- lung --- pulmonary artery --- GW0742 --- GSK3787 --- docking --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- PPARγ ligand --- coumarin --- fluorescent ligand --- screening --- crystal structure --- PPAR --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- metabolic reprograming --- glucose --- fatty acids --- mycobacteria --- M. tuberculosis --- M. leprae --- PPARs --- lipid droplets --- metabolic alterations --- hepatic damage --- nuclear factors --- pharmacological targets --- AMPK --- GDF15 --- insulin resistance --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) --- real-time PCR --- ELISA --- immunohistochemistry --- signaling pathway --- PPAR gamma --- brain --- neural stem cells --- infection --- neuroinflammation --- HIV --- Zika --- cytomegalovirus --- neurogenesis --- microglia --- liver damage --- toll-like receptor 4 --- P2Y2 receptor --- metabolic syndrome --- resveratrol --- quercetin --- PPARα --- peroxisome --- β-oxidation --- PPRE --- ligand --- coregulator --- micronutrients --- PPARα knockout --- adipose tissue --- browning --- lipid metabolism --- depression --- PPARg --- neuropathology --- corticotropin releasing hormone --- norepinephrine --- subgenual prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- nucleus accumbens --- common carotid artery occlusion --- electroretinography --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- pemafibrate --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha --- retinal ischemia --- skeletal muscle --- substrate metabolism --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- sex dimorphism --- lipidomics --- hepatic sex-biased gene expression --- PPARγ --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- TGFβ --- vascular injury --- proliferation --- kidney fibrosis --- pattern-recognition receptors --- phagocytosis --- nitric oxide synthase --- fenofibrate --- oleoylethanolamide --- palmitoylethanolamide --- cancer --- immunity --- obesity --- diabetes --- miRNA --- DNA methylation --- histone modification --- peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor --- fatty acid oxidation --- doping control --- regulatory T cells --- exercise --- nuclear receptors --- nutrigenomics --- energy homeostasis --- dairy animals --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) --- bezafibrate --- fenofibric acid --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- dual/pan agonist --- X-ray crystallography --- n/a

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Mounting evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between metabolism and inflammation. Molecular crosstalk between these processes occurs at different levels with the participation of nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). There are three PPAR isotypes, α, β/δ, and γ, which modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways, making them key for the control of cellular, organ, and systemic processes. PPAR activity is governed by fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and by drugs used in clinics (glitazones and fibrates). The study of PPAR action, also modulated by post-translational modifications, has enabled extraordinary advances in the understanding of the multifaceted roles of these receptors in metabolism, energy homeostasis, and inflammation both in health and disease. This Special Issue of IJMS includes a broad range of basic and translational article, both original research and reviews, focused on the latest developments in the regulation of metabolic and/or inflammatory processes by PPARs in all organs and the microbiomes of different vertebrate species.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Biochemistry --- nuclear receptor --- gene transcription --- inflammation --- molecular docking --- PPARβ/δ --- lung --- pulmonary artery --- GW0742 --- GSK3787 --- docking --- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) --- PPARγ ligand --- coumarin --- fluorescent ligand --- screening --- crystal structure --- PPAR --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- metabolic reprograming --- glucose --- fatty acids --- mycobacteria --- M. tuberculosis --- M. leprae --- PPARs --- lipid droplets --- metabolic alterations --- hepatic damage --- nuclear factors --- pharmacological targets --- AMPK --- GDF15 --- insulin resistance --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) --- real-time PCR --- ELISA --- immunohistochemistry --- signaling pathway --- PPAR gamma --- brain --- neural stem cells --- infection --- neuroinflammation --- HIV --- Zika --- cytomegalovirus --- neurogenesis --- microglia --- liver damage --- toll-like receptor 4 --- P2Y2 receptor --- metabolic syndrome --- resveratrol --- quercetin --- PPARα --- peroxisome --- β-oxidation --- PPRE --- ligand --- coregulator --- micronutrients --- PPARα knockout --- adipose tissue --- browning --- lipid metabolism --- depression --- PPARg --- neuropathology --- corticotropin releasing hormone --- norepinephrine --- subgenual prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- nucleus accumbens --- common carotid artery occlusion --- electroretinography --- fibroblast growth factor 21 --- pemafibrate --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha --- retinal ischemia --- skeletal muscle --- substrate metabolism --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- sex dimorphism --- lipidomics --- hepatic sex-biased gene expression --- PPARγ --- pulmonary arterial hypertension --- TGFβ --- vascular injury --- proliferation --- kidney fibrosis --- pattern-recognition receptors --- phagocytosis --- nitric oxide synthase --- fenofibrate --- oleoylethanolamide --- palmitoylethanolamide --- cancer --- immunity --- obesity --- diabetes --- miRNA --- DNA methylation --- histone modification --- peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor --- fatty acid oxidation --- doping control --- regulatory T cells --- exercise --- nuclear receptors --- nutrigenomics --- energy homeostasis --- dairy animals --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) --- bezafibrate --- fenofibric acid --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- dual/pan agonist --- X-ray crystallography