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Photons. --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment
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This textbook provides a physical understanding of what photons are and of their properties and applications. Special emphasis is made in the text to entangled photon pairs which exhibit quantum mechanical correlations over manifestly macroscopic distances. Such photon pairs make possible such exciting techniques as teleportation and quantum cryptography, as well as the physical realisation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type experiments. In addition, nonclassical properties of light, such as photon antibunching and squeezing, as well as quantum phase measurement and optical tomography are discussed. The author describes relevant experiments and elucidates the physical ideas behind them. This book will be of interest to undergraduates and graduate students studying optics, and to any physicist with an interest in the mysteries of the photon and exciting modern work in quantum cryptography and teleportation.
Photons. --- Photons --- Quantum optics. --- Optics --- Quantum theory --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment
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This first volume of this two-volume set deals with the important recent discovery of the photomagneton of electromagnetic radiation, a discovery which is fundamental in quantum field theory and in quantum mechanics in matter. The photomagneton is the elementary quantum of magnetic flux density carried by the individual photon in free space, and is generated directly by the intrinsic angular momentum of the free photon. The volume develops the theory of the photomagneton in a series of papers, which cover all the major aspects of the theory, from classical electrodynamics to the relativistic quantum field. Several suggestions are given for experimental tests, and the available experimental evidence is discussed in detail. The overall conclusion of the series of papers is that the photomagneton, which is observable experimentally in magneto-optical phenomena, indicates the presence in free space of a novel, longitudinal, magnetic flux density, linked ineluctably to the usual transverse components. If the photomagneton is not observed, then a paradox would have emerged at the most fundamental electrodynamical level, necessitating a modification of the Maxwell equations themselves.
Electromagnetism. --- Photons. --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Electromagnetics --- Magnetic induction --- Magnetism --- Metamaterials
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This work provides a necessary overview of the quantum description of electromagnetic field in order to understand the various physical processes associated with those photon-atom interactions appearing in atom and molecular physics, quantum optics and laser physics.
Quantum electrodynamics. --- Photons. --- Atoms. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Matter --- Stereochemistry --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Electrodynamics, Quantum --- QED (Physics) --- Quantum field theory --- Schwinger action principle --- Constitution
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The rapidly developing topic of ultracold atoms has many actual and potential applications for condensed-matter science, and the contributions to this book emphasize these connections. Ultracold Bose and Fermi quantum gases are introduced at a level appropriate for first-year graduate students and non-specialists such as more mature general physicists. The reader will find answers to questions like: how are experiments conducted and how are the results interpreted? What are the advantages and limitations of ultracold atoms in studying many-body physics? How do experiments on ultracol
Photons. --- Fermions. --- Materials at low temperatures. --- Fluid mechanics --- Low temperature materials --- Low temperature engineering --- Materials --- Strength of materials --- Fermi-Dirac particles --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum statistics --- Interacting boson-fermion models --- Leptons (Nuclear physics) --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment
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This work gives a general overview of the problem of wave propagation in random media when taking the phenomena of physics into account, wherein the effects of quantum interference play an essential role. It represents a solid introduction to mesoscopic physics.
Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics) --- Photons. --- Electrons. --- Corpuscular theory of matter --- Atoms --- Leptons (Nuclear physics) --- Matter --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Cathode rays --- Ions --- Positrons --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Phenomena, Mesoscopic (Physics) --- Physics --- Constitution
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This thesis casts new light on quantum entanglement of photons with complex spatial patterns due to direct coincidence imaging. It demonstrates novel methods to generate, investigate, and verify entanglement of complex spatial structures. Quantum theory is one of the most successful and astonishing physical theories. It made possible various technical devices like lasers or mobile phones and, at the same time, it completely changed our understanding of the world. Interestingly, such counterintuitive features like entanglement are an important building block for future quantum technologies. In photonic experiments, the transverse spatial degree of freedom offers great potential to explore fascinating phenomena of single photons and quantum entanglement. It was possible to verify the entanglement of two photons with very high quanta of orbital angular momentum, a property of photons connected to their spatial structure and theoretically unbounded. In addition, modern imaging technology was used to visualize the effect of entanglement even in real-time and to show a surprising property: photons with complex spatial patterns can be both entangled and not entangled in polarization depending on their transverse spatial position. .
Atomic Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Quantum entanglement. --- Photons. --- Light quantum --- Entangled states (Quantum theory) --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Quantum theory --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum Physics. --- Quantum Optics. --- Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Quantum physics. --- Quantum optics. --- Quantum computers. --- Spintronics. --- Optics --- Photons --- Fluxtronics --- Magnetoelectronics --- Spin electronics --- Spinelectronics --- Microelectronics --- Nanotechnology --- Computers
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This book focuses on the gradual formation of the concept of ‘light quanta’ or ‘photons’, as they have usually been called in English since 1926. The great number of synonyms that have been used by physicists to denote this concept indicates that there are many different mental models of what ‘light quanta’ are: simply finite, ‘quantized packages of energy’ or ‘bullets of light’? ‘Atoms of light’ or ‘molecules of light’? ‘Light corpuscles’ or ‘quantized waves’? Singularities of the field or spatially extended structures able to interfere? ‘Photons’ in G.N. Lewis’s sense, or as defined by QED, i.e. virtual exchange particles transmitting the electromagnetic force? The term ‘light quantum’ made its first appearance in Albert Einstein’s 1905 paper on a “heuristic point of view” to cope with the photoelectric effect and other forms of interaction of light and matter, but the mental model associated with it has a rich history both before and after 1905. Some of its semantic layers go as far back as Newton and Kepler, some are only fully expressed several decades later, while others initially increased in importance then diminished and finally vanished. In conjunction with these various terms, several mental models of light quanta were developed—six of them are explored more closely in this book. It discusses two historiographic approaches to the problem of concept formation: (a) the author’s own model of conceptual development as a series of semantic accretions and (b) Mark Turner’s model of ‘conceptual blending’. Both of these models are shown to be useful and should be explored further. This is the first historiographically sophisticated history of the fully fledged concept and all of its twelve semantic layers. It systematically combines the history of science with the history of terms and a philosophically inspired history of ideas in conjunction with insights from cognitive science.
Photons. --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Quantum theory. --- History. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Quantum Physics. --- History of Science. --- Quantum Optics. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Physics. --- Quantum physics. --- Quantum optics. --- Optics --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Physics—Philosophy. --- Science—History. --- Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy.
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This book provides a classical physics-based explanation of quantum physics, including a full description of photon creation and annihilation, and successful working models of both photons and electrons. Classical field theory, known to fully describe macroscopic scale events, is shown to fully describe atomic scale events, including photon emission and annihilation. As such the book provides a 'top-down' unification of electromagnetic and quantum theories.
Photons. --- Electromagnetic theory. --- Light, Electromagnetic theory of --- Electric fields --- Magnetic fields --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Photon emission. --- Photon-photon interactions. --- Quantum theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Gamma-gamma interactions --- Interactions, Gamma-gamma --- Interactions, Photon-photon --- Photon-photon collisions --- Collisions (Nuclear physics) --- Photonuclear reactions --- Emission of photons --- Photon bremsstrahlung --- Photon radiation --- Photons --- Radiation, Photon --- Bremsstrahlung --- Emission
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This volume reports on all aspects of high energy photon interactions using both photon and proton targets. Significant new results from the LEP and HERA experiments as well as from CLEO II and BELLE are presented. These data are confronted with diverse theoretical models. In particular, predictions of QCD in both the perturbative and the non-perturbative sector are extensively discussed. The prospects for gamma-gamma physics at future high energy colliders are also reviewed. In total 72 papers are collected. The proceedings have been selected for coverage in:. Index to Scientific & Technica
Photon-photon interactions --- Photons --- Inclusive processes (Nuclear physics) --- Exclusive reactions (Nuclear physics) --- Exclusive interactions (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear reactions --- Light quantum --- Light --- Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment --- Gamma-gamma interactions --- Interactions, Gamma-gamma --- Interactions, Photon-photon --- Photon-photon collisions --- Collisions (Nuclear physics) --- Photonuclear reactions --- Multiplicity
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