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Life expectancy.

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This paper uses the data in the NBER/CPE pilot sample of genealogies to create a new time series on life expectation in the U.S. since 1720. After attaining remarkably high levels toward the end of the eighteenth century, life expectation as measured by e0(10) began a decline that lasted about 80 years before beginning the new rise with which we have long been familiar. Second, time series on the average adult stature of national populations in North America and Europe are used as a measure of nutritional status. The properties of this measure in the analysis of labor welfare and an explanation for the high correlation between stature and the Cini ratio are discussed.The time series on stature is strongly correlated with the series on e0(10) and other measures of mortality. Third, these correlations are used to estimate the contribution of improvements in nutritional status (not diet alone but diet net of prior claims) to the decline in mortality in Europe and America since 1800. Improvements in nutritional status may have accounted for as ifiuch as four tenths of the decline in mortality rates, but nearly all of this effect was concentrated in the reduction of infant mortality. The new findings are used to resolve several paradoxes and the implication of the findings for the standard-of-living controversy are considered.

Life expectancy.

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Life expectancy.

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"Szacuje się, iż trwanie życia ludzi żyjących w gromadach pierwotnych wynosiło przeciętnie od 15 do 30 lat. Istotny progres stwierdzono dopiero w połowie XIX wieku, ponieważ jeszcze w okresie od XVI do XVIII wieku kształtowało się ono na poziomie od 25 do 35 lat. Od połowy XIX wieku obserwowany jest niemal liniowy wzrost trwania życia ludzi i obecnie wynosi ponad 72 lata (w skali świata), przy silnym zróżnicowaniu regionalnym (w Japonii i Szwajcarii wynosi blisko 85 lat, zaś w Lesotho czy Somalii nie przekracza 60 lat). Niemniej jednak wybuch światowej pandemii COVID-19 boleśnie przypomniał światu, że obserwowany liniowy wzrost trwania życia nie jest zagwarantowany na stałe."-- Provided by publisher.

Life expectancy. --- Life expectancy --- Statistical methods.

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Life expectancy --- United States