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This volume gives a clear introductory account of equivariant cohomology, a central topic in algebraic topology. Assuming readers have taken one semester of manifold theory and a year of algebraic topology, Loring Tu begins with the topological construction of equivariant cohomology, then develops the theory for smooth manifolds with the aid of differential forms. To keep the exposition simple, the equivariant localisation theorem is proven only for a circle action. An appendix gives a proof of the equivariant de Rham theorem, demonstrating that equivariant cohomology can be computed using equivariant differential forms. Examples and calculations illustrate new concepts. Exercises include hints or solutions, making this book suitable for self-study.

Cohomology operations. --- Operations (Algebraic topology) --- Algebraic topology --- Algebraic structure. --- Algebraic topology (object). --- Algebraic topology. --- Algebraic variety. --- Basis (linear algebra). --- Boundary (topology). --- CW complex. --- Cellular approximation theorem. --- Characteristic class. --- Classifying space. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology ring. --- Cohomology. --- Comparison theorem. --- Complex projective space. --- Continuous function. --- Contractible space. --- Cramer's rule. --- Curvature form. --- De Rham cohomology. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential form. --- Differential geometry. --- Dual basis. --- Equivariant K-theory. --- Equivariant cohomology. --- Equivariant map. --- Euler characteristic. --- Euler class. --- Exponential function. --- Exponential map (Lie theory). --- Exponentiation. --- Exterior algebra. --- Exterior derivative. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fixed point (mathematics). --- Frame bundle. --- Fundamental group. --- Fundamental vector field. --- Group action. --- Group homomorphism. --- Group theory. --- Haar measure. --- Homotopy group. --- Homotopy. --- Hopf fibration. --- Identity element. --- Inclusion map. --- Integral curve. --- Invariant subspace. --- K-theory. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie derivative. --- Lie group action. --- Lie group. --- Lie theory. --- Linear algebra. --- Linear function. --- Local diffeomorphism. --- Manifold. --- Mathematics. --- Matrix group. --- Mayer–Vietoris sequence. --- Module (mathematics). --- Morphism. --- Neighbourhood (mathematics). --- Orthogonal group. --- Oscillatory integral. --- Principal bundle. --- Principal ideal domain. --- Quotient group. --- Quotient space (topology). --- Raoul Bott. --- Representation theory. --- Ring (mathematics). --- Singular homology. --- Spectral sequence. --- Stationary phase approximation. --- Structure constants. --- Sub"ient. --- Subcategory. --- Subgroup. --- Submanifold. --- Submersion (mathematics). --- Symplectic manifold. --- Symplectic vector space. --- Tangent bundle. --- Tangent space. --- Theorem. --- Topological group. --- Topological space. --- Topology. --- Unit sphere. --- Unitary group. --- Universal bundle. --- Vector bundle. --- Vector space. --- Weyl group.

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This book introduces new methods in the theory of partial differential equations derivable from a Lagrangian. These methods constitute, in part, an extension to partial differential equations of the methods of symplectic geometry and Hamilton-Jacobi theory for Lagrangian systems of ordinary differential equations. A distinguishing characteristic of this approach is that one considers, at once, entire families of solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations, rather than restricting attention to single solutions at a time. The second part of the book develops a general theory of integral identities, the theory of "compatible currents," which extends the work of E. Noether. Finally, the third part introduces a new general definition of hyperbolicity, based on a quadratic form associated with the Lagrangian, which overcomes the obstacles arising from singularities of the characteristic variety that were encountered in previous approaches. On the basis of the new definition, the domain-of-dependence theorem and stability properties of solutions are derived. Applications to continuum mechanics are discussed throughout the book. The last chapter is devoted to the electrodynamics of nonlinear continuous media.

Differentiaalvergelijkingen [Hyperbolische ] --- Differential equations [Hyperbolic] --- Equations différentielles hyperboliques --- Symplectic manifolds --- Differential equations, Hyperbolic. --- Symplectic manifolds. --- Variétés symplectiques --- Equations différentielles hyperboliques --- Variétés symplectiques --- Manifolds, Symplectic --- Geometry, Differential --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Hyperbolic differential equations --- Differential equations, Partial --- Action (physics). --- Boundary value problem. --- Canonical form. --- Causal structure. --- Classical mechanics. --- Complex analysis. --- Configuration space. --- Conservative vector field. --- Conserved current. --- Conserved quantity. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Derivative. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential geometry. --- Dimension. --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirichlet's principle. --- Einstein field equations. --- Electromagnetic field. --- Equation. --- Equations of motion. --- Equivalence class. --- Error term. --- Euclidean space. --- Euler system. --- Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics). --- Euler–Lagrange equation. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential map (Lie theory). --- Exponential map (Riemannian geometry). --- Exterior derivative. --- Fiber bundle. --- Foliation. --- Fritz John. --- General relativity. --- Hamiltonian mechanics. --- Hamilton–Jacobi equation. --- Harmonic map. --- Hessian matrix. --- Holomorphic function. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Hyperplane. --- Hypersurface. --- Identity element. --- Iteration. --- Iterative method. --- Lagrangian (field theory). --- Lagrangian. --- Legendre transformation. --- Lie algebra. --- Linear approximation. --- Linear differential equation. --- Linear map. --- Linear span. --- Linearity. --- Linearization. --- Maximum principle. --- Maxwell's equations. --- Nonlinear system. --- Open set. --- Ordinary differential equation. --- Orthogonal complement. --- Parameter. --- Partial differential equation. --- Phase space. --- Pointwise. --- Poisson bracket. --- Polynomial. --- Principal part. --- Principle of least action. --- Probability. --- Pullback bundle. --- Pullback. --- Quadratic form. --- Quantity. --- Requirement. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Second derivative. --- Simultaneous equations. --- Special case. --- State function. --- Stokes' theorem. --- Subset. --- Surjective function. --- Symplectic geometry. --- Tangent bundle. --- Tangent vector. --- Theorem. --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory. --- Underdetermined system. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector bundle. --- Vector field. --- Vector space. --- Volume form. --- Zero of a function. --- Zero set.

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The study of exponential sums over finite fields, begun by Gauss nearly two centuries ago, has been completely transformed in recent years by advances in algebraic geometry, culminating in Deligne's work on the Weil Conjectures. It now appears as a very attractive mixture of algebraic geometry, representation theory, and the sheaf-theoretic incarnations of such standard constructions of classical analysis as convolution and Fourier transform. The book is simultaneously an account of some of these ideas, techniques, and results, and an account of their application to concrete equidistribution questions concerning Kloosterman sums and Gauss sums.

Group theory --- Algebraic geometry --- Number theory --- 511.33 --- Analytical and multiplicative number theory. Asymptotics. Sieves etc. --- 511.33 Analytical and multiplicative number theory. Asymptotics. Sieves etc. --- Gaussian sums --- Homology theory --- Kloosterman sums --- Monodromy groups --- Kloostermann sums --- Sums, Kloosterman --- Sums, Kloostermann --- Exponential sums --- Cohomology theory --- Contrahomology theory --- Algebraic topology --- Gauss sums --- Sums, Gaussian --- Analytical and multiplicative number theory. Asymptotics. Sieves etc --- Gaussian sums. --- Kloosterman sums. --- Homology theory. --- Monodromy groups. --- Number theory. --- Nombres, Théorie des. --- Exponential sums. --- Sommes exponentielles. --- Arithmetic --- Arithmétique --- Geometry, Algebraic. --- Géométrie algébrique --- Abelian category. --- Absolute Galois group. --- Absolute value. --- Additive group. --- Adjoint representation. --- Affine variety. --- Algebraic group. --- Automorphic form. --- Automorphism. --- Big O notation. --- Cartan subalgebra. --- Characteristic polynomial. --- Classification theorem. --- Coefficient. --- Cohomology. --- Cokernel. --- Combination. --- Commutator. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Complex Lie group. --- Complex number. --- Conjugacy class. --- Continuous function. --- Convolution theorem. --- Convolution. --- Determinant. --- Diagonal matrix. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Direct sum. --- Dual basis. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Empty set. --- Endomorphism. --- Equidistribution theorem. --- Estimation. --- Exactness. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential sum. --- Exterior algebra. --- Faithful representation. --- Finite field. --- Finite group. --- Four-dimensional space. --- Frobenius endomorphism. --- Fundamental group. --- Fundamental representation. --- Galois group. --- Gauss sum. --- Homomorphism. --- Integer. --- Irreducibility (mathematics). --- Isomorphism class. --- Kloosterman sum. --- L-function. --- Leray spectral sequence. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie theory. --- Maximal compact subgroup. --- Method of moments (statistics). --- Monodromy theorem. --- Monodromy. --- Morphism. --- Multiplicative group. --- Natural number. --- Nilpotent. --- Open problem. --- P-group. --- Pairing. --- Parameter space. --- Parameter. --- Partially ordered set. --- Perfect field. --- Point at infinity. --- Polynomial ring. --- Prime number. --- Quotient group. --- Representation ring. --- Representation theory. --- Residue field. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Root of unity. --- Sheaf (mathematics). --- Simple Lie group. --- Skew-symmetric matrix. --- Smooth morphism. --- Special case. --- Spin representation. --- Subgroup. --- Support (mathematics). --- Symmetric matrix. --- Symplectic group. --- Symplectic vector space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Trace (linear algebra). --- Trivial representation. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Weil conjectures. --- Weyl character formula. --- Zariski topology.

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The aim of this work is to provide a proof of the nonlinear gravitational stability of the Minkowski space-time. More precisely, the book offers a constructive proof of global, smooth solutions to the Einstein Vacuum Equations, which look, in the large, like the Minkowski space-time. In particular, these solutions are free of black holes and singularities. The work contains a detailed description of the sense in which these solutions are close to the Minkowski space-time, in all directions. It thus provides the mathematical framework in which we can give a rigorous derivation of the laws of gravitation proposed by Bondi. Moreover, it establishes other important conclusions concerning the nonlinear character of gravitational radiation. The authors obtain their solutions as dynamic developments of all initial data sets, which are close, in a precise manner, to the flat initial data set corresponding to the Minkowski space-time. They thus establish the global dynamic stability of the latter.Originally published in 1994.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Space and time --- Generalized spaces --- Nonlinear theories --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Nonlinear problems --- Nonlinearity (Mathematics) --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematical physics --- Geometry of paths --- Minkowski space --- Spaces, Generalized --- Weyl space --- Calculus of tensors --- Geometry, Differential --- Geometry, Non-Euclidean --- Hyperspace --- Relativity (Physics) --- Space of more than three dimensions --- Space-time --- Space-time continuum --- Space-times --- Spacetime --- Time and space --- Fourth dimension --- Infinite --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Space sciences --- Time --- Beginning --- Mathematics --- Angular momentum operator. --- Asymptotic analysis. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Big O notation. --- Boundary value problem. --- Cauchy–Riemann equations. --- Coarea formula. --- Coefficient. --- Compactification (mathematics). --- Comparison theorem. --- Corollary. --- Covariant derivative. --- Curvature tensor. --- Curvature. --- Cut locus (Riemannian manifold). --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Degrees of freedom (statistics). --- Derivative. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable function. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Eikonal equation. --- Einstein field equations. --- Equation. --- Error term. --- Estimation. --- Euclidean space. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential map (Lie theory). --- Exponential map (Riemannian geometry). --- Exterior (topology). --- Foliation. --- Fréchet derivative. --- Geodesic curvature. --- Geodesic. --- Geodesics in general relativity. --- Geometry. --- Hodge dual. --- Homotopy. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Hypersurface. --- Hölder's inequality. --- Identity (mathematics). --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral curve. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Isoperimetric inequality. --- Laplace's equation. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie derivative. --- Linear equation. --- Linear map. --- Logarithm. --- Lorentz group. --- Lp space. --- Mass formula. --- Mean curvature. --- Metric tensor. --- Minkowski space. --- Nonlinear system. --- Normal (geometry). --- Null hypersurface. --- Orthonormal basis. --- Partial derivative. --- Poisson's equation. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quantity. --- Radial function. --- Ricci curvature. --- Riemann curvature tensor. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemannian geometry. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Sard's theorem. --- Scalar (physics). --- Scalar curvature. --- Scale invariance. --- Schwarzschild metric. --- Second derivative. --- Second fundamental form. --- Sobolev inequality. --- Sobolev space. --- Stokes formula. --- Stokes' theorem. --- Stress–energy tensor. --- Symmetric tensor. --- Symmetrization. --- Tangent space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Trace (linear algebra). --- Transversal (geometry). --- Triangle inequality. --- Uniformization theorem. --- Unit sphere. --- Vector field. --- Volume element. --- Wave equation. --- Weyl tensor.