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Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern.

Access --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export Diversification --- Export Performance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreements --- Global Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization Of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Multilateral Liberalization --- Multilateral Trade Liberalization --- Preferential Access --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Reciprocal Basis --- Reciprocity --- Tariff --- Tariff Reductions --- Tariffs --- Trade --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Law --- Trade Negotiations --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade Preferences

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Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern.

Access --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export Diversification --- Export Performance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreements --- Global Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization Of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Multilateral Liberalization --- Multilateral Trade Liberalization --- Preferential Access --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Reciprocal Basis --- Reciprocity --- Tariff --- Tariff Reductions --- Tariffs --- Trade --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Law --- Trade Negotiations --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade Preferences

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An important question in the design of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) covering services is to what extent nonmembers benefit from the trade preferences that are negotiated among members. This question is resolved through services rules of origin. The restrictiveness of rules of origin determines the degree of preferences entailed in market opening commitments, shaping the bargaining incentives of FTAs and their eventual economic effects. Even though the number of FTAs in services has increased rapidly in recent years, hardly any research is available that can guide policymakers on the economic implications of different rules of origin. After outlining the key economic tradeoffs and options for rules of origin in services, the paper summarizes the main findings of a research project that has assessed the rules of origin question for five countries in the ASEAN region. For selected service subsectors and a number of criteria for rules or origin, simulation exercises evaluated which service providers would or would not be eligible for preferences negotiated under a FTA. Among other findings, the simulation results point to the binding nature of a domestic ownership or control requirement and, for the specific case of financial services, a requirement of incorporation.

Agreement On Trade --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Bilateral Trade --- Border Trade --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exporters --- Exports --- External Tariffs --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreements --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Access --- Preferential Tariff --- Preferential Tariff Treatment --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Rules of Origin --- Tariff Rates --- Tariffs --- Trade Agreement --- Trade and Services --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Trade Preferences --- Transport Costs --- World Trade

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This book gathers a selection of peer-reviewed chapters reflecting on the Australia-European Union Free Trade Agreement (AEUFTA). Since 18 June 2018, ten rounds of negotiations for a AEUFTA have been held in a constructive atmosphere, showing a shared commitment to move forward with this ambitious and comprehensive agreement. After a lengthy and arduous process interrupted by the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the United States' hesitations regarding the EU's global strategy and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negotiations between Australia and the European Union finally appear to be nearing completion. In challenging times, both parties share a commitment to a positive trade agenda, and to the idea that good trade agreements benefit both sides by boosting jobs, growth and investment. This book explores the challenges, achievements and missed opportunities in the AEUFTA negotiation process, and examines current legal and political relations between the EU, its Member States and Australia. Furthermore, it examines in detail a wide and diverse range of negotiated areas, including digital trade, services, intellectual property rules, trade remedies and investment screening, as well as dispute settlement mechanisms. Lastly, it sheds light on the likely nature of future commercial relations between Australia and the EU. Written by a team of respected authors from leading institutions in both Australia and Europe, the book provides a valuable, interdisciplinary analysis of the AEUFTA.

Libre-échange --- Accords commerciaux --- Politique du commerce international --- Arbitrage commercial international --- UE/CE Union européenne --- commercial arbitration. --- Australia --- agricultural policy --- trade agreement --- liberalisation of trade --- trade policy --- Australie --- трговска арбитража --- arbitrazh tregtar --- handelsarbitrage --- handelsvoldgift --- εμπορική διαιτησία --- трговинска арбитража --- komercinis arbitražas --- kaupallinen välimiesmenettely --- trgovinska arbitraža --- arbitraje comercial --- arbitragem comercial --- arbitrato commerciale --- komerčná arbitráž --- arbitrage commercial --- obchodní arbitráž --- arbitraż handlowy --- търговски арбитраж --- Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit --- kommersiellt skiljeförfarande --- eadráin tráchtála --- kaubanduslik vahekohtumenetlus --- arbitraj comercial --- kereskedelmi választottbíráskodás --- arbitraġġ kummerċjali --- tirdzniecības arbitrāža --- obchodní smírčí soud --- kauppaa koskeva välimiesmenettely --- kauppapolitiikka --- kaubanduspoliitika --- politici comerciale --- beartas trádála --- politica commerciale --- εμπορική πολιτική --- obchodní politika --- handelsbeleid --- търговска политика --- obchodná politika --- handelspolitik --- tirdzniecības politika --- politikë për tregtinë --- prekybos politika --- kereskedelempolitika --- politique commerciale --- política comercial --- трговинска политика --- trgovinska politika --- politika kummerċjali --- трговска политика --- polityka handlowa --- Handelspolitik --- handelsordning --- külkereskedelmi előírások --- надворешнотрговска политика --- Istituto nazionale per il commercio con l'estero --- Außenhandelsvorschrift --- trade system --- regeling van het handelsverkeer --- prekybos sistema --- handelssamkvemsordning --- regime de trocas --- sistem i tregtisë --- samhandelspolitik --- samhandelsordning --- kauppajärjestelmä --- regolamentazione del commercio estero --- trgovinski sustav --- obchodní systém --- handelspolitiek --- handelssystem --- εξωτερική εμπορική πολιτική --- régimen de intercambios --- obchodný systém --- tirdzniecības sistēma --- καθεστώς των συναλλαγών --- regime degli scambi --- sistem comercial --- πολιτική του εξωτερικού εμπορίου --- kaubandussüsteem --- régime des échanges --- ICE --- liberalisering van het handelsverkeer --- libération des échanges --- liberalizzazzjoni tal-kummerċ --- léirscaoileadh trádála --- liberalizzazione degli scambi --- kaupan vapautuminen --- liberalisering af samhandel --- liberalizace obchodu --- liberalisering av handel --- tirdzniecības liberalizācija --- liberación de los intercambios --- либерализација на трговија --- liberalizácia obchodu --- liberalização do comércio --- либерализация на търговия --- a kereskedelem liberalizálása --- liberalizacja handlu --- liberalizarea comerțului --- liberalizacija trgovine --- liberalizim i tregtisë --- kaubanduse liberaliseerimine --- либерализација трговине --- Liberalisierung des Handels --- prekybos liberalizavimas --- απελευθέρωση των συναλλαγών --- Aufhebung der Beschränkungen --- liberalización de los intercambios --- liberalization of trade --- eliminim i barrierave të tregtisë --- liberalizarea schimburilor comerciale --- libéralisation des échanges --- ελευθέρωση του εμπορίου --- kaupan vapauttaminen --- liberación del comercio --- kereskedelmi akadályok megszüntetése --- liberalizzazione del commercio --- supressão das barreiras comerciais --- liberalizim për tregtinë --- afschaffing van handelsbelemmeringen --- ukidanje trgovinskih barijera --- tirdzniecības šķēršļu novēršana --- odstranění překážek obchodu --- liberalizim tregtar --- prekybos kliūčių panaikinimas --- soppressione delle restrizioni --- rationalisering af budgetprioriteringer --- afschaffing van beperkingen --- zrušení obchodních bariér --- απελευθέρωση του εμπορίου --- libéralisation du commerce --- eliminarea restricțiilor comerciale --- φιλελευθεροποίηση των συναλλαγών --- supresión de las restricciones --- укинување на трговски бариери --- supressão das restrições --- kaubandustõkete kaotamine --- κατάργηση των περιορισμών --- liberalisation of commerce --- sistema mondiale di libero scambio --- eliminación de barreras comerciales --- άρση εμπορικών φραγμών --- kaubavahetuse liberaliseerimine --- handelsliberalisatie --- eliminazione delle barriere commerciali --- elimination of trade barriers --- avskaffande av restriktioner --- élimination des barrières commerciales --- kaupan esteiden poistaminen --- Beseitigung von Handelsschranken --- ophævelse af handelsbarriere --- liberalizácia obchodovania --- undanröjande av handelshinder --- liberalização das trocas comerciais --- liberalisering af handel --- odstránenie prekážok obchodu --- suppression des restrictions --- handelsavtal --- prekybos susitarimas --- accordo commerciale --- trgovinski sporazum --- obchodná dohoda --- εμπορική συμφωνία --- ftehim kummerċjali --- handelsaftale --- comhaontú trádála --- трговска спогодба --- umowa handlowa międzynarodowa --- acordo comercial --- kereskedelmi megállapodás --- accord commercial --- търговско споразумение --- acuerdo comercial --- handelsovereenkomst --- kauppasopimus --- kaubanduskokkulepe --- трговински споразум --- Handelsabkommen --- tirdzniecības nolīgums --- acord comercial --- obchodní dohoda --- marrëveshje tregtare --- kereskedelmi tárgyalások --- negociata tregtare --- négociation commerciale --- obchodná zmluva --- handelsforhandling --- trade treaty --- εμπορική συνθήκη --- obchodné rokovania --- prekybos derybos --- Handelsverhandlung --- trgovinski pregovori --- traité commercial --- negoziato commerciale --- εμπορικές διαπραγματεύσεις --- kaubavahetusleping --- negociación comercial --- trattativa commerciale --- tratado comercial --- handelsverdrag --- handelstraktat --- трговски преговори --- trade negotiations --- traktat për tregtinë --- prekybos sutartis --- handelsfördrag --- handelsförhandling --- kauppaneuvottelut --- tratat comercial --- kaubandusläbirääkimised --- трговија --- handelsbespreking --- tirdzniecības sarunas --- negocieri comerciale --- negociação comercial --- zemědělská politika --- politică agricolă --- Agrarpolitik --- žemės ūkio politika --- agrárpolitika --- politikë bujqësore --- põllumajanduspoliitika --- politica agricola --- lauksaimniecības politika --- пољопривредна политика --- polityka rolna --- politika agrikola --- agrarna politika --- земеделска политика --- landbrugspolitik --- maatalouspolitiikka --- kmetijska politika --- земјоделска политика --- landbouwbeleid --- γεωργική πολιτική --- politique agricole --- poľnohospodárska politika --- política agrícola --- beartas talmhaíochta --- jordbrukspolitik --- poľnohospodársky projekt --- farming policy --- agricultural development --- maatilapolitiikka --- agricultural planning --- jordbruksplanering --- mezőgazdasági gazdálkodási politika --- planeamento agrícola --- zemědělský rozvoj --- mezőgazdasági politika --- γεωργική ανάπτυξη --- développement agricole --- poľnohospodársky rozvoj --- desenvolvimento agrícola --- landwirtschaftliche Planung --- farm policy --- planifikim bujqësor --- žemės ūkio planavimas --- žemės ūkio plėtra --- programmazione agricola --- desarrollo agrario --- Landwirtschaftspolitik --- farmárska politika --- mezőgazdasági fejlődés --- sviluppo agricolo --- agrární politika --- planification agricole --- agrarisch beleid --- põllumajanduse arendamine --- lauksaimniecības plānošana --- zemědělské plánování --- maatalouden kehittäminen --- politikë fermere --- planificación agraria --- dezvoltare agricolă --- γεωργικός προγραμματισμός --- política agraria --- lantbrukspolitik --- Agrarentwicklung --- poljoprivredna politika --- lauksaimniecības attīstība --- landbrugsplanlægning --- põllumajanduse planeerimine --- jordbruksutveckling --- poľnohospodárske plánovanie --- zhvillim bujqësor --- ūkininkavimo politika --- política agropecuaria --- politikë e femës --- landbrugsudvikling --- maatalouden suunnittelu --- Австралија --- l-Awstralja --- Avstralija --- Аустралија --- Australië --- Ausztrália --- Austrálie --- Αυστραλία --- Austrālija --- Australija --- Austraalia --- Austrália --- Australien --- An Astráil --- Австралия --- Avstralska zveza --- Commonwealth d’Australie --- Комонвелт на Австралија --- il-Commonwealth tal-Awstralja --- Związek Australijski --- Australský svaz --- Државна Заедница на Австралија --- Komonuelthi i Australisë --- Austrálsky zväz --- Австралийски съюз --- Australiska statsförbundet --- Comunitatea Australiană --- Austrālijas Savienība --- Comunidade da Austrália --- Ausztrál Államszövetség --- Commonwealth de Australia --- Australian liittovaltio --- Koмонвелт Аустралије --- Gemenebest Australië --- Commonwealth of Australien --- Κοινοπολιτεία της Αυστραλίας --- Commonwealth of Australia --- Arbitration (Administrative law) --- Dispute resolution (Law) --- International economic relations. --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- ADR (Dispute resolution) --- Alternative dispute resolution --- Appropriate dispute resolution --- Collaborative law --- Conflict resolution --- Dispute processing --- Dispute settlement --- Justice, Administration of --- Mediation --- Neighborhood justice centers --- Third parties (Law) --- Administrative arbitration --- Arbitration, Administrative --- Administrative law