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Leydig Cells --- Rana esculenta

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Leydig Cells --- Testis --- Macrophages --- physiology --- cytology

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The Leydig cells of the testis represent the main source of androgens. The idea of Leydig cells as endocrine cells has been the leading characteristic of this interesting cell population till now. Our studies of the last 2 decades allowed us to reveal a new important feature of Leydig cells that is their obvious similarity with structures of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes the expression of neurohormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and glial cell antigens. In this way, it became evident that in addition to the well established control by steroids and systemic hormones, important local auto- and paracrine control mechanisms of testicular functions exist. Thus, the Leydig cells represent a specialized cell population with both endocrine and neuroendocrine properties. The discovery of the neuroendocrine features of Leydig cells gave rise to the hypothesis of a potential neuroectodermal and/or neural crest origin of testicular Leydig cells. In an experimental animal model we revealed that adult Leydig cells originate by transdifferentiation from stem/progenitor cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells), underlying the close relationship of Leydig cells with testis microvasculature. This and the supporting data from the literature provided the basis for revealing the pericytes as a common adult stem cell type of mammalian species. Distributed by the microvasculature through the entire body, the pericyte, acting as a resting early pluripotent adult stem cell, provides an ingenious system to assure the maintenance, physiological repair and regeneration of organs, each under the influence of specific local environmental factors.

Leydig cells. --- Paraneurons. --- Stem cells. --- Leydig cells --- Paraneurons --- Stem cells --- Pericytes --- Leydig Cells --- Stem Cells --- Endothelium, Vascular --- Epithelial Cells --- Cells --- Mesoderm --- Testis --- Endocrine Cells --- Genitalia, Male --- Blood Vessels --- Gonads --- Anatomy --- Endothelium --- Germ Layers --- Epithelium --- Embryonic Structures --- Genitalia --- Cardiovascular System --- Endocrine Glands --- Tissues --- Urogenital System --- Endocrine System --- Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Neuroendocrine cells --- Interstitial cells of Leydig --- Leydig's cells --- Testicular interstitial cells --- Medicine. --- Endocrinology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Neurons --- Chromaffin cells --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Endocrinology . --- Biomedicine, general. --- Medicine --- Biology --- Biomedical Research. --- Research. --- Biological research --- Biomedical research

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The progress in the area of nanotechnology has opened the door for the fabrication of soft, biological, and composite nanomaterials for targeted applications. Nanomaterials are known to enhance the properties and functionality of composite materials several fold. The properties for the desired applications can often be achieved by the addition of small amounts of nanomaterials into soft materials such as polymers, gels, and biomaterials. This book condenses investigations by scientific groups from highly diverse research fields, which will be beneficial for the wider scientific community.

Technology: general issues --- oxygen nanobubbles --- phospholipids --- polyethylene glycol --- ultrasound imaging --- electrospinning --- nanocomposites --- porous TiO2 nanofiber --- light harvesting --- additive --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- graphene oxide --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- apoptosis --- oxidative stress --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- DNA damage --- chitosan --- polycaprolactone --- shape memory --- stretchability --- polyurethane --- biocomposite --- methotrexate --- cubic phase --- magnetocubosomes --- monoolein --- liquid crystalline phase --- drug delivery system --- alternating magnetic field --- laser ablation --- nanofibers --- poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) --- Au nanoparticles --- neutralization --- characterization of materials --- depth-sensing indentation --- adhesion --- the BG method --- non-destructive testing --- reagent-free colorimetric assay --- galactose determination --- nanoceria --- agarose gel --- galactosemia diagnosis --- nanodiamond --- composite --- 3D-printed scaffold --- n/a

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The progress in the area of nanotechnology has opened the door for the fabrication of soft, biological, and composite nanomaterials for targeted applications. Nanomaterials are known to enhance the properties and functionality of composite materials several fold. The properties for the desired applications can often be achieved by the addition of small amounts of nanomaterials into soft materials such as polymers, gels, and biomaterials. This book condenses investigations by scientific groups from highly diverse research fields, which will be beneficial for the wider scientific community.

Technology: general issues --- oxygen nanobubbles --- phospholipids --- polyethylene glycol --- ultrasound imaging --- electrospinning --- nanocomposites --- porous TiO2 nanofiber --- light harvesting --- additive --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- graphene oxide --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- apoptosis --- oxidative stress --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- DNA damage --- chitosan --- polycaprolactone --- shape memory --- stretchability --- polyurethane --- biocomposite --- methotrexate --- cubic phase --- magnetocubosomes --- monoolein --- liquid crystalline phase --- drug delivery system --- alternating magnetic field --- laser ablation --- nanofibers --- poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) --- Au nanoparticles --- neutralization --- characterization of materials --- depth-sensing indentation --- adhesion --- the BG method --- non-destructive testing --- reagent-free colorimetric assay --- galactose determination --- nanoceria --- agarose gel --- galactosemia diagnosis --- nanodiamond --- composite --- 3D-printed scaffold