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Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) is one of the most important techniques for determining the quality and safety of materials, components, devices, and structures. NDT&E technologies include ultrasonic testing (UT), magnetic particle testing (MT), magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT), eddy current testing (ECT), radiation testing (RT), penetrant testing (PT), and visual testing (VT), and these are widely used throughout the modern industry. However, some NDT processes, such as those for cleaning specimens and removing paint, cause environmental pollution and must only be considered in limited environments (time, space, and sensor selection). Thus, NDT&E is classified as a typical 3D (dirty, dangerous, and difficult) job. In addition, NDT operators judge the presence of damage based on experience and subjective judgment, so in some cases, a flaw may not be detected during the test. Therefore, to obtain clearer test results, a means for the operator to determine flaws more easily should be provided. In addition, the test results should be organized systemically in order to identify the cause of the abnormality in the test specimen and to identify the progress of the damage quantitatively.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- composites --- multi-scale --- embedded damage --- non-destructive testing --- photoacoustic --- ultrasonic representation --- terahertz --- coded-aperture imaging --- convolution neural network (CNN) --- fast image reconstruction --- nondestructive evaluation --- acoustic nonlinearity parameter --- indirect method --- laser ultrasound --- fully non-contact --- surface acoustic wave --- UWB-PPM --- UWB-OOK --- buried objects --- nondestructive environment --- Levenberg–Marquardt method --- textured surface anomaly detection --- computer vision --- deep learning --- attention mechanism --- adaptive fusion --- power quality disturbances --- long short term memory --- convolutional neural network --- short time Fourier transform --- leaky Lamb wave --- semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) --- waveguide sensor --- finite-width plate --- waveguide plate --- width modes --- spatial beating --- Rayleigh–Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- weld cracks --- eddy current nondestructive testing --- gradiently relative magnetic permeability --- heat affected zone --- austenitic stainless steel --- circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler --- water-cooled wall tube --- magnetic sensor array --- magnetic flux density --- flexible ultrasonic probe --- neutron irradiation embrittlement --- reactor pressure vessel --- magnetic nondestructive evaluation --- micromagnetic multiparameter microstructure and stress analysis 3MA --- magnetic adaptive testing --- 3D imaging of metal grains --- non-destructive testing methods --- stacking images --- SA106 carbon steel --- terahertz waves --- refractive index --- thickness measurement --- Shim stock films --- composite materials --- reflection mode --- neutron radiography --- Bragg-edge imaging --- gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) --- low transformation temperature (LTT) steel --- austenite-to-martensite transformation --- Debye–Waller factor --- n/a --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral (RSI) --- Debye-Waller factor

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Fluid interfaces are promising candidates for confining different types of materials - e.g., polymers, surfactants, colloids, and even small molecules - and for designing new functional materials with reduced dimensionality. The development of such materials requires a deepening of the Physico-chemical bases underlying the formation of layers at fluid interfaces, as well as on the characterization of their structures and properties. This is of particular importance because the constraints associated with the assembly of materials at the interface lead to the emergence of equilibrium and dynamics features in the interfacial systems, which are far from those conventionally found in the traditional materials. This Special Issue is devoted to studies on fundamental and applied aspects of fluid interfaces, trying to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current status of the research field.

Technology: general issues --- thermal radiations --- magnetic field --- Carreau fluid --- stretching/shrinking surface --- Hall effect --- nonlinear radiations --- HAM --- desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology --- evaporation performance --- orthogonal test --- simulation --- spray coating --- coating film formation --- leveling of coating surface --- fluorescence method --- visualization --- ferromagnetic --- nanofluid --- bioconvection --- porous medium --- heat suction/injection --- magnetic dipole --- liquid-infused surfaces --- durability --- lubricants --- wetting --- liquid-repellent coatings --- annealed Co40Fe40W20 thin films --- magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- contact angle --- surface energy --- nanomechanical properties --- Prandtl nanofluid flow --- convectively heated surface --- stochastic intelligent technique --- Levenberg Marquardt method --- backpropagated network --- artificial neural network --- Adam numerical solver --- surface hydrophilicity --- graphene --- ice formation --- clearance --- molecular dynamic simulation --- dynamics --- fluid interfaces --- inhalation --- lung surfactant --- nanoparticles --- pollutants --- rheology --- emulsion --- droplet size --- microscopy-assisted --- image analysis --- laser diffraction --- turbidity --- viscosity --- Ree-Eyring nanofluid --- viscous dissipation --- Cattaneo-Christov model --- Koo-Kleinstreuer model --- chemical reaction --- heat transfer --- stretching cylinder --- nonlinear radiation --- Powell–Eyring --- Darcy–Forchheimer --- n/a --- Powell-Eyring --- Darcy-Forchheimer

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Fluid interfaces are promising candidates for confining different types of materials - e.g., polymers, surfactants, colloids, and even small molecules - and for designing new functional materials with reduced dimensionality. The development of such materials requires a deepening of the Physico-chemical bases underlying the formation of layers at fluid interfaces, as well as on the characterization of their structures and properties. This is of particular importance because the constraints associated with the assembly of materials at the interface lead to the emergence of equilibrium and dynamics features in the interfacial systems, which are far from those conventionally found in the traditional materials. This Special Issue is devoted to studies on fundamental and applied aspects of fluid interfaces, trying to provide a comprehensive perspective on the current status of the research field.

Technology: general issues --- thermal radiations --- magnetic field --- Carreau fluid --- stretching/shrinking surface --- Hall effect --- nonlinear radiations --- HAM --- desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology --- evaporation performance --- orthogonal test --- simulation --- spray coating --- coating film formation --- leveling of coating surface --- fluorescence method --- visualization --- ferromagnetic --- nanofluid --- bioconvection --- porous medium --- heat suction/injection --- magnetic dipole --- liquid-infused surfaces --- durability --- lubricants --- wetting --- liquid-repellent coatings --- annealed Co40Fe40W20 thin films --- magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- contact angle --- surface energy --- nanomechanical properties --- Prandtl nanofluid flow --- convectively heated surface --- stochastic intelligent technique --- Levenberg Marquardt method --- backpropagated network --- artificial neural network --- Adam numerical solver --- surface hydrophilicity --- graphene --- ice formation --- clearance --- molecular dynamic simulation --- dynamics --- fluid interfaces --- inhalation --- lung surfactant --- nanoparticles --- pollutants --- rheology --- emulsion --- droplet size --- microscopy-assisted --- image analysis --- laser diffraction --- turbidity --- viscosity --- Ree-Eyring nanofluid --- viscous dissipation --- Cattaneo-Christov model --- Koo-Kleinstreuer model --- chemical reaction --- heat transfer --- stretching cylinder --- nonlinear radiation --- Powell-Eyring --- Darcy-Forchheimer --- thermal radiations --- magnetic field --- Carreau fluid --- stretching/shrinking surface --- Hall effect --- nonlinear radiations --- HAM --- desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology --- evaporation performance --- orthogonal test --- simulation --- spray coating --- coating film formation --- leveling of coating surface --- fluorescence method --- visualization --- ferromagnetic --- nanofluid --- bioconvection --- porous medium --- heat suction/injection --- magnetic dipole --- liquid-infused surfaces --- durability --- lubricants --- wetting --- liquid-repellent coatings --- annealed Co40Fe40W20 thin films --- magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) --- X-ray diffraction (XRD) --- contact angle --- surface energy --- nanomechanical properties --- Prandtl nanofluid flow --- convectively heated surface --- stochastic intelligent technique --- Levenberg Marquardt method --- backpropagated network --- artificial neural network --- Adam numerical solver --- surface hydrophilicity --- graphene --- ice formation --- clearance --- molecular dynamic simulation --- dynamics --- fluid interfaces --- inhalation --- lung surfactant --- nanoparticles --- pollutants --- rheology --- emulsion --- droplet size --- microscopy-assisted --- image analysis --- laser diffraction --- turbidity --- viscosity --- Ree-Eyring nanofluid --- viscous dissipation --- Cattaneo-Christov model --- Koo-Kleinstreuer model --- chemical reaction --- heat transfer --- stretching cylinder --- nonlinear radiation --- Powell-Eyring --- Darcy-Forchheimer

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This book focuses on the interaction between different energy vectors, that is, between electrical, thermal, gas, and transportation systems, with the purpose of optimizing the planning and operation of future energy systems. More and more renewable energy is integrated into the electrical system, and to optimize its usage and ensure that its full production can be hosted and utilized, the power system has to be controlled in a more flexible manner. In order not to overload the electrical distribution grids, the new large loads have to be controlled using demand response, perchance through a hierarchical control set-up where some controls are dependent on price signals from the spot and balancing markets. In addition, by performing local real-time control and coordination based on local voltage or system frequency measurements, the grid hosting limits are not violated.

History of engineering & technology --- hybrid electricity-natural gas energy systems --- power to gas (P2G) --- low-carbon --- economic environmental dispatch --- trust region method --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- integrated energy park --- park partition --- double-layer optimal scheduling --- non-cooperative game --- Nash equilibrium --- energy flexibility --- power-to-heat --- multi energy system --- flexible demand --- thermal storage --- electric boiler --- estimation of thermal demand --- integrated energy system --- integrated demand response --- medium- and long-term --- system dynamics --- user decision --- photovoltaic generation --- ultralow-frequency oscillation --- small-signal model --- eigenvalue analysis --- damping torque --- triple active bridge --- integrated energy systems --- DC grid --- isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter --- multiport converter --- combined heat and power system --- wind power uncertainty --- scenario method --- temporal dependence --- optimization scheduling --- hydrogen --- multi-energy systems --- power system economics --- renewable energy generation --- whole system modelling --- local energy management systems --- multi-objective optimization --- rolling time-horizon --- emission abatement strategies --- distributed energy systems --- enhance total transfer capability --- day-ahead thermal generation scheduling --- reduce curtailed wind power --- CO2 emissions --- commercial buildings --- flexibility quantification --- flexibility optimization --- HVAC systems --- network operation --- residential buildings --- dissemination --- renewable energy policy --- renewable energy subsidies --- solar PV --- TSTTC of transmission lines --- sensitivity between TSTTC and reactive power --- reactive power control method --- urban integrated heat and power system --- random fluctuations of renewable energy --- flexibility scheduling --- temperature dynamics of the urban heat network --- heat pumps --- power grid --- gas distribution --- grid expansion planning --- load-profiles --- energy system analysis --- modeling --- multi-energy system --- smart energy system --- self-sufficiency --- dynamic market

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• Reference Manager
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This book focuses on the interaction between different energy vectors, that is, between electrical, thermal, gas, and transportation systems, with the purpose of optimizing the planning and operation of future energy systems. More and more renewable energy is integrated into the electrical system, and to optimize its usage and ensure that its full production can be hosted and utilized, the power system has to be controlled in a more flexible manner. In order not to overload the electrical distribution grids, the new large loads have to be controlled using demand response, perchance through a hierarchical control set-up where some controls are dependent on price signals from the spot and balancing markets. In addition, by performing local real-time control and coordination based on local voltage or system frequency measurements, the grid hosting limits are not violated.

History of engineering & technology --- hybrid electricity-natural gas energy systems --- power to gas (P2G) --- low-carbon --- economic environmental dispatch --- trust region method --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- integrated energy park --- park partition --- double-layer optimal scheduling --- non-cooperative game --- Nash equilibrium --- energy flexibility --- power-to-heat --- multi energy system --- flexible demand --- thermal storage --- electric boiler --- estimation of thermal demand --- integrated energy system --- integrated demand response --- medium- and long-term --- system dynamics --- user decision --- photovoltaic generation --- ultralow-frequency oscillation --- small-signal model --- eigenvalue analysis --- damping torque --- triple active bridge --- integrated energy systems --- DC grid --- isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter --- multiport converter --- combined heat and power system --- wind power uncertainty --- scenario method --- temporal dependence --- optimization scheduling --- hydrogen --- multi-energy systems --- power system economics --- renewable energy generation --- whole system modelling --- local energy management systems --- multi-objective optimization --- rolling time-horizon --- emission abatement strategies --- distributed energy systems --- enhance total transfer capability --- day-ahead thermal generation scheduling --- reduce curtailed wind power --- CO2 emissions --- commercial buildings --- flexibility quantification --- flexibility optimization --- HVAC systems --- network operation --- residential buildings --- dissemination --- renewable energy policy --- renewable energy subsidies --- solar PV --- TSTTC of transmission lines --- sensitivity between TSTTC and reactive power --- reactive power control method --- urban integrated heat and power system --- random fluctuations of renewable energy --- flexibility scheduling --- temperature dynamics of the urban heat network --- heat pumps --- power grid --- gas distribution --- grid expansion planning --- load-profiles --- energy system analysis --- modeling --- multi-energy system --- smart energy system --- self-sufficiency --- dynamic market --- hybrid electricity-natural gas energy systems --- power to gas (P2G) --- low-carbon --- economic environmental dispatch --- trust region method --- Levenberg-Marquardt method --- integrated energy park --- park partition --- double-layer optimal scheduling --- non-cooperative game --- Nash equilibrium --- energy flexibility --- power-to-heat --- multi energy system --- flexible demand --- thermal storage --- electric boiler --- estimation of thermal demand --- integrated energy system --- integrated demand response --- medium- and long-term --- system dynamics --- user decision --- photovoltaic generation --- ultralow-frequency oscillation --- small-signal model --- eigenvalue analysis --- damping torque --- triple active bridge --- integrated energy systems --- DC grid --- isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter --- multiport converter --- combined heat and power system --- wind power uncertainty --- scenario method --- temporal dependence --- optimization scheduling --- hydrogen --- multi-energy systems --- power system economics --- renewable energy generation --- whole system modelling --- local energy management systems --- multi-objective optimization --- rolling time-horizon --- emission abatement strategies --- distributed energy systems --- enhance total transfer capability --- day-ahead thermal generation scheduling --- reduce curtailed wind power --- CO2 emissions --- commercial buildings --- flexibility quantification --- flexibility optimization --- HVAC systems --- network operation --- residential buildings --- dissemination --- renewable energy policy --- renewable energy subsidies --- solar PV --- TSTTC of transmission lines --- sensitivity between TSTTC and reactive power --- reactive power control method --- urban integrated heat and power system --- random fluctuations of renewable energy --- flexibility scheduling --- temperature dynamics of the urban heat network --- heat pumps --- power grid --- gas distribution --- grid expansion planning --- load-profiles --- energy system analysis --- modeling --- multi-energy system --- smart energy system --- self-sufficiency --- dynamic market