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There are books on tone, coronals, the internal structure of segments, vowel harmony, and a couple of other topics in phonology. This book aims to fill the gap for Lenition and Fortition, which is one of the first phenomena that was addressed by phonologists in the 19th century, and ever since contributed to phonological thinking. It is certainly one of the core phenomena that is found in the phonology of natural language: together with assimilations, the other important family of phenomena, Lenition and Fortition constitute the heart of what phonology can do to sound.The book aims to provide an overall treatment of the question in its many aspects: historical, typological, synchronic, diachronic, empirical and theoretical. Various current approaches to phonology are represented.The book is structured into three parts: 1) properties and behaviour of Lenition/Fortition, 2) lenition patterns in particular languages and language families, 3) how Lenition/Fortition work. Part 1 describes the properties of lenition and fortition: what counts as such? What kind of behaviour is observed? Which factors bear on it (positional, stress-related)? Which role has it played in phonology since (and even before) the 19th century? The everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-lenition-and-fortition philosophy that guides the conception of the book supposes a descriptive, generalisation-oriented style of writing that relies on a kind of phonological lingua franca, rather than on theory-laden vocabulary. Also, no prior knowledge other than about general phonological categories should be required when reading through Part 1. The goal is to provide a broad picture of what lenition is, how it behaves, which factors it is conditioned by and what generalisations it obeys. This record may then be used as a yardstick for competing theories.Part 2 presents a number of case studies that show how Lenition/Fortition behave in a number of languages that include systems which are notoriously emblematic for Lenition/Fortition: Celtic, Western Romance, Germanic and Finnish.Finally, Part 3 is concerned with the analysis of the patterns that have been described in Parts 1 and 2. Given their analytic orientation, Part 3 chapters are theory-specific. They look at the same empirical record, or at a subset thereof, and try to explain what they see. Even though Part 3 chapters are couched in a specific theoretical environment that most of the time supposes prior conceptual knowledge, authors have been asked to assure theoretical interoperability as much as they could.
Mutation (Phonetics). --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Philology & Linguistics --- Languages & Literatures --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Mutation --- Phonology --- Phonology, Diachronic Phonology, Historical Linguistics.
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This collection of papers focuses on the general theme of phonological strength, bringing together current work being undertaken in a variety of leading theoretical frameworks. Its aim is to show how referring directly to strength relations can facilitate explanation in different parts of the phonological grammar. The papers introduce illuminating data from a wide range of languages including English, Dutch, German, Greek, Japanese, Bambara, Yuhup, Nivkh, Sesotho and other Bantu systems, demonstrating how strength differences are central to the analysis of phonological patterning not only in well-documented cases of segmental asymmetry but also in other areas of description including language acquisition, pitch accent patterns and tonal phenomena. All of the contributors agree on the need for a phonological (as opposed to a phonetic) approach to the question of strength differences, and show how a strength-based analysis may proceed in various theoretical models including Dependency Phonology, Government Phonology, Strict CV Phonology and Optimality Theory. Many of the papers develop a structural account of their data, in which strength relations are understood to reflect asymmetric licensing relations holding between units in representations. The volume provides a snapshot of current thinking on the question of strength in phonology. The range of language data and theoretical contexts it explores give a clear indication that phonological strength acts as a common thread to unite a range of apparently unrelated patterns and processes.
Grammar, Comparative and general --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Phonology --- Phonology. --- Mutation --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Phonology --- Generative Linguistics. --- Linguistic Theories.
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The processes of gemination, lenition, and vowel lengthening are central to the study of phonology, as they reveal much about the treatment of quantity in a given language. Using data from older language stages, modern dialects and standard languages, this study examines the interdependence of vowel and consonant quantity in the history of the Germanic branch of Indo-European. Kurt Goblirsch focusses on the various geminations in Old Germanic languages (West Germanic gemination, glide strengthening, and expressive gemination), open syllable lengthening in German, Dutch, Frisian, English, and Scandinavian languages, and the major lenitions in High German, Low German, and Danish, as well as minor lenitions in Bavarian, Franconian, and Frisian dialects. All of these changes are related to the development of the Germanic languages from distinctive segmental length to complementary length to syllable cut. The discussion challenges traditional theoretical assumptions about quantity change in Germanic languages to argue for a new account whereby, gemination, lenition, and vowel lengthening are interrelated.
Germanic languages --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Teutonic languages --- Indo-European languages --- Vowels. --- Mutation --- Phonology
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Survival of the Fittest provides an in-depth analysis of weakening processes attested in Spanish and English within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The book examines fricative lenition as an instance of sound change in progress, contributing to the study of phonological change and the notion of strength in phonology. It also provides motivation for the introduction of a derivational stage in OT analysis. A critical discussion of various OT sub-theories presented by the author leads t...
Mutation (Phonetics) --- English language --- Spanish language --- Optimality theory (Linguistics) --- Optimality (Linguistics) --- Optimization (Linguistics) --- Generative grammar --- Castilian language --- Romance languages --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Mutation. --- Lenition --- Phonology --- Mutation --- Linguistic change. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Phonology. --- Germanic languages
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This book analyzes 153 languages from a large variety of families to establish a previously unexplored relationship between phonetically conditioned sound changes such as lenitions and functional (meaning maintenance related) considerations. Carefully collecting numerous inventories of consonants, this collection is likely to become an important resource for future linguistics research. By distinguishing between phonetic and phonological neutralization, and showing that the first does not necessarily result in the second, Naomi Gurevich uncovers previously unexplored and often surprising trend
Phonetics. --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Linguistic change. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Articulatory phonetics --- Orthoepy --- Phonology --- Linguistics --- Speech --- Mutation --- Mutation (Phonetics).
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Romance languages --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Linguistic change. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Neo-Latin languages --- Italic languages and dialects --- Phonology. --- Accents and accentuation. --- Word formation. --- Consonants. --- Vowels. --- Mutation --- Phonology --- Vowels --- Langues romanes --- Mutation (Phonétique) --- Changement linguistique --- Accents and accentuation --- Phonologie --- Accents et accentuation --- Formation des mots --- Consonnes --- Voyelles
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Phonetics --- Romance languages --- Comparative linguistics --- Classical Latin language --- Spanish language --- Portuguese language --- Latin language --- Linguistic change --- Espagnol (Langue) --- Portugais (Langue) --- Latin (Langue) --- Changement linguistique --- Phonology, Comparative --- Latin --- Spanish --- Portuguese --- Phonologie comparée --- Espagnol --- Portugais --- Linguistic change. --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Portuguese. --- Spanish. --- Latin. --- Mutation (Phonetics). --- Phonologie comparée --- Castilian language --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Classical languages --- Italic languages and dialects --- Classical philology --- Latin philology --- Phonology, Comparative&delete& --- Mutation --- Phonology
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Historical linguistics commonly invokes the child as the principal agent of change. Using this as a starting point, the authors address diachronic language change against a background of insights gained from extensive research into mono- and bilingual language acquisition. The evidence shows that children are remarkably successful in reconstructing the grammars of their ambient languages so the authors reconsider a number of commonly held explanatory models of language change, including language contact and structural ambiguity in the input. Based on a variety of case studies, this innovative take on the subject argues that morphosyntactic change in core areas of grammar typically happens in settings involving second language acquisition. Here, the children acting as causal agents of restructuring are either second language learners or are continuously exposed to the speech of second language speakers. The authors answer questions about the circumstances surrounding grammatical change in terms of a restructuring of speakers' internal grammatical knowledge constructing a general theory of diachronic change consistent with insights from language acquisition.
Linguistic change --- Historical linguistics --- Mutation (Phonetics) --- Language acquisition --- Second language acquisition --- Linguistic change. --- Language acquisition. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Language and languages --- Acquisition of language --- Developmental linguistics --- Developmental psycholinguistics --- Language development in children --- Psycholinguistics, Developmental --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Psycholinguistics --- Acquisition --- Historical linguistics. --- Second language acquisition. --- Second language learning --- Fortition (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Lenition (Phonetics) --- Phonetics --- Diachronic linguistics --- Dynamic linguistics --- Evolutionary linguistics --- Language and history --- Linguistics --- Mutation --- Phonology --- History
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