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Leishmaniose. (Congrès) --- Leishmaniose. (Congres)

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Dog Diseases --- Leishmaniasis --- Leishmania infantum --- Chien --- Leishmaniose --- Epidémiologie --- epidemiology. --- epidemiogy. --- Maladies --- Algeria --- Leishmania infantum. --- Épidémiologie --- Epidémiologie. --- epidemiology

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La leishmaniose est une maladie zoonotique vectorielle qui constitue un enjeu de santé public majeur, avec 700 000 à 1 000 000 de nouveaux cas chaque année selon l’OMS. Pour ces raisons, de nombreux scientifiques se sont plongés sur la question de l’émergence de cette maladie dans des zones au départ non-endémiques, à cause notamment du réchauffement climatique. 

De nombreux modèles ont été érigés et il est difficile d’obtenir des simulations sans biais statistiques évidents tant la question est complexe et les facteurs tant climatiques que démographiques, nombreux. Néanmoins, tous les résultats convergent dans la même direction : le réchauffement climatique global que nous imposons à notre planète permet aux vecteurs de leishmaniose d’avoir des aires d’affinités climatiques projetées bien plus au nord qu’elles ne le sont actuellement, allant jusqu’au sud de la Scandinavie pour certains vecteurs. Les pays les plus à risques sont l’Allemagne et la Suisse. 

Une autre question majeure qui s’est posée est également la présence du parasite : il ne suffit pas d’un vecteur pour transmettre la maladie, il faut de surcroit que le pathogène soit présent, ainsi que toutes les conditions requises au développement et à l’aboutissement de son cycle. Dans le cas de la leishmaniose, les vecteurs ont une répartition plus au nord que les parasites. Ce qui sous-tend un risque palpable : il n’est pas impossible que la leishmaniose émerge de manière durable en Europe centrale, à cause notamment des cas importés qui pourraient contaminer les vecteurs présents sur place. Jusqu’alors, aucune transmission verticale de leishmaniose chez les vecteurs n’a été rapportée, mais un vecteur infecté le reste durant toute sa durée de vie. Cet élément pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans l’implantation de la leishmaniose dans nos régions ; les conditions climatiques étant devenues favorables. 
Ces modèles, bien que perfectibles, peuvent servir de base aux pays identifiés comme étant à risques d’endémie future, pour développer des stratégies de lutte et de prévention adéquats. Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic vector-borne disease of public health concern. According to the WHO, 700 000 to 1 000 000 of new cases are recorded each year. Scientist have decided to dive into the deep question of climate change, and how it could interact with the actual distribution of the vectors. 

Many statistical models have been erected. The question is complex and it’s difficult to avoid any statistical bias, because it involves numerous demographic and climatic issues. Nevertheless, all the results converge in the same direction: the global warming that we’re on allow all the leishmaniasis’ vectors to extend their climatic area North than they are currently, until the south of Scandinavia for certain vectors. Germany and Switzerland are identified as the most at risk countries. 

Another major question that has arisen is also the presence of the parasite: a vector is not enough to transmit the disease, the pathogen must also be present, as well as all the conditions required for development and end of its cycle. In the case of leishmaniasis, the vectors have a distribution further north than the parasites. What underpins a palpable risk: it is not impossible that leishmaniasis emerges in a sustainable way in Central Europe, mainly because of imported cases which could contaminate the vectors present on the spot. So far, no vertical transmission of leishmaniasis in vectors has been reported, but an infected vector remains infected throughout its lifespan. This element could play a major role in the implantation of leishmaniasis in our regions; the climatic conditions having become suitable. 

These models, although perfectible, can serve as a basis for countries identified as being at risk of future endemic, to develop adequate control and prevention strategies.

Climate change --- Canine Leishmaniasis --- Europe --- Vector-borne disease --- Sandflies --- Epidemiology --- Public Health --- One-Health --- Changements climatiques --- Leishmaniose canine --- Europe tempérée --- Maladies vectorielles --- Phlébotomes --- Epidémiologie --- Santé publique --- "One-Health" --- Sciences du vivant > Médecine vétérinaire & santé animale

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L'origine des pharmacopées traditionnelles L'élaboration des pharmacopées Les médicaments du XXIe siècle Comment les connaissances des savoirs thérapeutiques se sont-elles transmises au travers des différentes cultures ? Cet ouvrage innovant, qui réunit les travaux présentés au 4e Congrès européen d'ethnopharmacologie, fait remonter à la préhistoire les sources des connaissances thérapeutiques. Si les pharmacopées écrites jalonnent l'histoire des grandes médecines savantes, d'autres modes d'accès à la connaissance semblent exister dans l'univers chamanique des sociétés de tradition orale ainsi que dans la façon dont les animaux malades se soignent par les plantes. L'évaluation des propriétés pharmaco-toxicologiques et chimiques des plantes d'usage traditionnel devrait par ailleurs favoriser le développement futur des médicaments à base de plantes, l'un des thèmes porteurs abordés dans cet ouvrage. Mais l'objectif de ce livre est aussi de susciter, partout dans le monde, de nouvelles thématiques de recherche dans le domaine de la préhistoire du médicament et de la compréhension de l'acquisition et de la transmission du savoir. Le développement du phytomédicament non toxique destiné à l'homme et à l'animal figure également parmi les enjeux majeurs de demain. The origin of traditional pharmacopoeias The development of pharmacopoeias The medicines of the XXIth century How have the traditional Therapeutical knowledges been transmited to the différent cultures? This innovating book containing the proceedings of the 4th European Congress of Ethnopharmacology return to prehistory the sources of fherapeutical knowledge and asks how the animals cure themselves with plants. If the printing pharmacopoeias ponctuate the history of learning medicines other way of accessibility to the knowledge seems exist in the world of shaman in society with oral tradition. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of traditional médicinal plant should favour the development of phytomedicine. The…

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Congresses. --- Medicinal plants - Congresses. --- Materia medica, Vegetable - Congresses. --- Pharmaceutical policy - Congresses. --- paludisme --- guérisseur --- médicament --- ethnobotanique --- médecine traditionnelle --- plante médicinale --- leishmaniose --- ethnopharmacologie --- pharmacopée