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The Natura 2000 network of protected areas is the centrepiece of European Union nature policy, currently covering almost one-fifth of the EU’s entire land territory plus large marine areas. This vast EU-wide network, which aims to conserve Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats, has major impacts on land use throughout all Member States of the EU. This book critically assesses the origins and implementation of the Natura 2000 network, established under the Birds Directive of 1979 and the Habitats Directive of 1992.Based on original archival research and interviews with key participants, the book records a detailed history of the origins and negotiation of Natura 2000 policy and law, with the history of EU environmental policy provided as a framework. An historical institutionalist approach is adopted, which emphasises the importance of understanding legal and policy development as processes that unfold over time. Three phases in the history of EU environmental policy are identified and described, and the history of EU nature policy is placed within the context of these three phases. Informed by this history, the author presents a comprehensive summary and assessment of the law and policy that protects Natura 2000 sites at EU level, and reviews the nature conservation outcomes for the targeted species and habitats. The book reveals how a knowledge of the history of Natura 2000 enriches our understanding of key issues such as conflicts in establishing and conserving the Natura 2000 network, EU integration in the field of nature conservation, and the future of EU nature policy.

Wildlife conservation --- Habitat conservation --- Biodiversity conservation --- Law and legislation --- Natura 2000 (Network). --- Wildlife conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Habitat conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Biodiversity conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries

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Customs administration --- Tariff --- Douanes --- Tarif douanier --- Law and legislation --- Droit --- European Union countries --- Customs administration - Law and legislation - European Union countries. --- Tariff - Law and legislation - European Union countries.

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European capital markets law has developed rapidly in recent years. The former directives have been replaced by regulations and numerous implementing legal acts aimed at ensuring a level playing field across the EU. The financial crisis has given further impetus to the development of a European supervisory structure. This book systematises the European law and examines the underlying concepts from a broadly interdisciplinary perspective. National experiences in selected Member States – Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom – are also explored.The first chapter deals with the foundations of capital markets law in Europe, the second explains the basics, and the third examines the regime on market abuse. Chapter four explores the disclosure system and chapter five the roles of intermediaries, such as financial analysts, rating agencies and proxy advisers. Short selling and high frequency trading is described in chapter six. Chapter seven deals with financial services and chapter eight explains compliance and corporate governance in investment firms. Chapter nine illustrates the regulation of benchmarks. Finally, chapter ten deals with public takeovers. Throughout the book emphasis is placed on legal practice, and frequent reference is made to the key decisions of supervisory authorities and courts.

Capital market --- Financial institutions --- Law and legislation --- Capital market - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Financial institutions - Law and legislation - European Union countries

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This comprehensive yet accessible book offers an in-depth overview of the law relating to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It explores both the initial objectives set out in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, and also those policies that have emerged as a result of the growth of competencies within the EU. Examining the four regulations that currently govern the CAP in the areas of direct payments, rural development, finance, and the common organisation of the markets, the author considers their interpretation in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU and the General Court. Throughout this insightful book, the European Commission's proposals for CAP reform are discussed and an astute assessment of their National Strategic Plans concludes that Member States would benefit from greater discretion in fine-tuning the principles of the policy established at European level to the particular characteristics of their national agricultural sector. Students and scholars of European law and agricultural law more specifically will find this book a structured and nuanced guide to existing and future policy at both EU and WTO levels. Policy makers and practitioners will also find its up to date treatment of the law a valuable reference.

Agricultural laws and legislation --- Produce trade --- Law and legislation --- Agricultural laws and legislation - European Union countries --- Produce trade - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- European Union countries.

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Chemicals --- Law and legislation --- European Parliament --- REACH (System) --- Chemicals - Law and legislation - European Union countries