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Internationalisation of regional development policies - Needs and demands in the Nordic countries. Different regions have different preconditions for polycentric or monocentric development. Eitherspatial structure can be rational as a consequence of e.g. location and territorial capacity. However the concepts and policy applications have been questioned as to their feasibility in all types of countries and regions. Particularly in the Nordic countries, where many regions are marked by low population density and peripheral location, working towards a polycentric growth strategy may not have the same effects as in the central Europe, for instance. Debates on polycentricity in regional policy and governance have proceeded along different lines in the Nordic countries, but the outcomes are still comparable in several respects. Thus this report omprises four country studies (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) in which we examine whether and how the concept of polycentricity has played a role in the debates on regional evelopment policy and governance reforms in these countries. The analysis provides a review of how polycentricity is interpreted against the contours of regional development policy and the regional/municipal reform processes in each country and in light of the particular settlement patterns of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
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Frågan om städernas och stadsregionernas roll har under åren diskuterats i europeisk, nordisk och nationell utvecklingspolitik. På europeisk nivå introducerade dokumentet European Development Perspective (ESDP) 1999 några idéer om polycentrisk stadsutveckling som strategi för en mer balanserad utveckling i Europa. Dessa idéer följdes senare upp i den europeiska utvecklingspolitiken, bl a i Interreg IIIB-programmen, och ingår nu i "the Territorial Agenda for the EU 2007-2010" som ska diskuteras i början av 2007 under det tyska ordförandeskapet. Den föreliggande arbetsrapporten har tagits fram på EK-R:s initiativ och är avsedd som ett bidrag till denna diskussion. I arbetsrapporten behandlas nyckelbegrepp kring polycentrisk utveckling, det nordiska stadssystemet betraktas i förhållande till Europa, och ett antal fallstudier presenteras innehållande direkta eller indirekta element från europeisk utvecklingspolitik. Bakom arbetsrapporten står flera av Nordregios forskare: Peter Schmitt skrev den teoretiska bakgrunden. Fallstudierna har tagits fram av Petri Kahila, Sara Östberg, Julia Stenström med underlag av material som Malin Hansen och Arto Ruotsalainen samlat in. För textbearbetningen svarar Åsa Pettersson.
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Legal pluralism involves the coexistence of multiple forms of law. This involves state law, international law, transnational law, customary law, religious law, indigenous law, and the law of distinct ethnic or cultural communities. Legal pluralism is a subject of discussion today in legal anthropology, legal sociology, legal history, postcolonial legal studies, women's rights and human rights, comparative law, international law, transnational law, European Union law,jurisprudence, and law and development scholarship.A great deal of confusion and theoretical disagreement surrounds discussions of legal pluralism-which this book aims to clarify and help resolve. Drawing on historical and contemporary studies-including the Medieval period, the Ottoman Empire, postcolonial societies, Native peoples, Jewish and Islamic law, Western state legal systems, transnational law, as well as others-it shows that the dominant image of the state with a unified legal system exercising a monopoly over lawis, and has always been, false and misleading. State legal systems are internally pluralistic in various ways and multiple manifestations of law coexist in every society. This book explains the underlying reasons for and sources of legal pluralism, identifies its various consequences, uncovers its conceptual andnormative implications, and resolves current theoretical disputes in ways that are useful for social scientists, theorists, and law and development scholars and practitioners.
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Law --- Legal polycentricity --- Law. --- Legal polycentricity. --- Africa.
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Law --- Legal polycentricity --- Law. --- Legal polycentricity. --- Africa.
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Law --- Legal polycentricity. --- Methodology.
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Human rights have transformed the way in which we conceive the place of the individual within the community and in relation to the state in a vast array of disciplines, including law, philosophy, politics, sociology, geography. The published output on human rights over the last five decades has been enormous, but has remained tightly bound to a notion of human rights as dialectically linking the individual and the state. Because of human rights' focus on the state and its actions, they have very seldom attracted the attention of legal pluralists. Indeed, some may have viewed the two as simply incompatible or relating to wholly distinct phenomena. This collection of essays is the first to bring together authors with established track records in the fields of legal pluralism and human rights, to explore the ways in which these concepts can be mutually reinforcing, delegitimizing, or competing. The essays reveal that there is no facile conclusion to reach but that the question opens avenues which are likely to be mined for years to come by those interested in how human rights can affect the behaviour of individuals and institutions.
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"From the viewpoint of the constitutional crisis in Europe, slow UN reforms, difficulties implementing the Kyoto Protocol and the International Criminal Court, and tensions between human rights and trade, Mireille Delmas-Marty's 'journey through the legal landscape' of the early years of the 21st century shows it to be dominated by imprecision, uncertainty and instability. The early 21st century appears to be the era of great disorder: in the silence of the market and the fracas of arms, a world overly fragmented by anarchical globalisation is being unified too quickly through hegemonic integration. How, she asks, can we move beyond the relative and the universal to build order without imposing it, to accept pluralism without giving up on a common law? Neither utopian fusion nor illusory autonomy, Ordering Pluralism is her answer: both an epistemological revolution and an art, it means creating a common legal area by progressive adjustments that preserve diversity. Since an immutable world order is impossible, the imaginative forces of law must be called upon to invent a flexible process of harmonisation that leaves room for believing we can agree on - and protect - common values."--Bloomsbury Publishing.
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