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The Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) has reached an unprecedented scale, in part due to increasing demand from consumers. It is widely recognized that this criminality threatens peace, security, livelihoods, and biodiversity. The illegal trafficking in protected fauna and flora generates significant profits. IWT occurs globally and involves a multitude of species both iconic and lesser known. The response to IWT is multifaceted. It involves multiple national actors and agencies, numerous intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and national and international nongovernmental organizations (NGO), across borders and jurisdictions. This report provides an overview of the key types of tools and resources available to officials in the criminal justice system for combating IWT, and provides examples of prominent tools and resources, where appropriate. It describes both publicly-available and restricted tools.

Environment --- Environmental Protection --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement Systems --- Wildlife Resources

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Accountability is one of the cornerstones of good governance. Establishing accountable institutions is a top priority on the international development agenda. Yet, scholars and democracy practitioners know little about how accountability mechanisms develop and thus can be supported by international and national actors. The present study tackles the questions of how, and in what order accountability mechanisms develop. We consider not only vertical and horizontal, but also diagonal accountability mechanisms (active civil society organizations and independent media) in both their de-jure and the de-facto dimensions. By utilizing novel sequencing methods, we study their sequential relationships in 173 countries from 1900 to the present with data from the new V-Dem dataset. Considering the long-term dimensions of institution building, this study indicates that most aspects of de-facto vertical accountability precede other forms of accountability. Effective institutions of horizontal accountability "such as vigorous parliaments and independent high courts" evolve rather late in the sequence and build on progress in many other areas.

Accountability --- Finance --- Governance --- Law and Development --- Law and Justice Institutions --- Law Enforcement Systems --- National Governance --- Social Accountability --- Social Development

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The Western Congo Basin (WCB) defined here as comprising Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo is being rapidly emptied of its wild animals, with alarming rates of poaching in all four countries. High levels of poaching have numerous deleterious effects for sustainable development. In the WCB, efforts to protect wildlife have focused heavily on the establishment and management of protected areas, often within the context of a landscape-based approach that attempts to engage nearby communities and other land users. The low perceived value of forest wildlife resources for local communities is partially attributable to a lack of economic opportunities currently derivable from the sustainable management of wildlife assets. In a bid to help the WCB countries address this downward spiral, this study identifies approaches that can enhance the economic value of wildlife resources for local communities and governments as a contribution to poverty reduction, economic development, and conservation. It aims to do so at the regional and national levels as a single country cannot address this crisis given the fluidity of both borders and wildlife in the region. Naturally, the set and sequence of solutions most appropriate in any given setting will depend on a number of country-specific conditions. Nevertheless, the majority of the recommendations in this report apply to all four WCB countries. In that spirit, the study first provides an overview of the poaching crisis, using elephants as a case study to illustrate the scale of the problem (chapter 2). It then proceeds to analyze who the poachers are (chapter 3) to better understand drivers of poaching, while Chapter 4 analyzes the policy framework. Chapter 5 proposes approaches for creating economic value from wildlife, sharing it with communities, and creating the necessary underlying governance conditions, providing best-practice examples from other parts of the world. Chapter 6 presents conclusions.

Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Environmental Protection --- Environmentally Protected Areas --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement Systems --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Tourism and Ecotourism --- Wildlife Resources

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In 2016, the Government of Bulgaria (GoB) decided to initiate spending reviews to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its spending in the context of a moderate fiscal consolidation process. Though Bulgaria has one of the lowest overall spending in the European Union (EU), spending outcomes lag those of other EU member states. In the case of public order and safety, Bulgaria spends the most among comparable EU countries but outcomes are not satisfactory. Surveys show that citizens have low confidence on the effectiveness of police. Police and firefighters in turn, have said that their effectiveness is constrained by the condition of equipment, excessive time spent on paperwork, additional responsibilities imposed in the frequently changed legislation, and by curtailed staff benefits. To help address these challenges the Ministry of Finance (MoF) requested analytical and advisory support from the World Bank. Such support was intended to identify spending pressures and potential efficiency and effectiveness gains in policing and firefighting. In contrast to most spending reviews, where saving targets are identified upfront and the primary objective is to find ways of reducing the budget, the primary objective of this review is to increase performance and use any savings derived from efficiency gains for additional priority spending on policing and firefighting.

Crime and Society --- Labor Markets --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement Systems --- Pensions and Retirement Systems --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Public Spending --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wages

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Public interest litigation has historically been an innovative judicial procedure for enhancing the social and economic rights of disadvantaged and marginalized groups in India. In recent years, however, a number of criticisms of public interest litigation have emerged, including concerns related to separation of powers, judicial capacity, and inequality. These criticisms have tended to abstraction, and the sheer number of cases has complicated empirical assessments. This paper finds that public interest litigation cases constitute less than 1 percent of the overall case load. The paper argues that complaints related to concerns having to do with separation of powers are better understood as criticisms of the impact of judicial interventions on sector governance. On the issue of inequality, the analysis finds that win rates for fundamental rights claims are significantly higher when the claimant is from an advantaged social group than when he or she is from a marginalized group, which constitutes a social reversal, both from the original objective of public interest litigation and from the relative win rates in the 1980s.

Access to justice --- Administration of justice --- Case law --- Civil law --- Corruption --- Court --- Courts --- Criminal --- Fundamental right --- Fundamental rights --- Gender --- Gender and Law --- Human Rights --- Human rights --- Inequality --- Information Security and Privacy --- Judges --- Justices --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement Systems --- Laws --- Legal Institutions of the Market Economy --- Prisoners --- Rule of law --- Sexual harassment --- Social Development --- Social justice --- Will