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This Special Issue highlights the latest enhancements in the abatement of noise and vibrations in aerospace and automotive systems. The reduction of acoustic emissions and the improvement of interior cabin comfort desired by all major transportation industries, as these areas have a direct impact on customer satisfaction and, consequently, the commercial success of new products. Topics covered in this Special Issue deal with computational approaches, instrumentation and data analysis related to noise and vibrations of fixed-wing aircraft, satellites, spacecraft, automobiles, and trains, covering aerodynamically generated noise, engine noise, sound absorption, cabin acoustic treatments, duct acoustics, and vibroacoustic properties of materials. This Special Issue also focuses on industrial aspects. Existing procedures and algorithms that are useful in reaching the abovementioned objectives in the most efficient way are illustrated in the collected papers.

flexible spacecraft --- periodic disturbance compensation --- compensate torque design --- vibration attenuation --- reaction wheel. --- vibration analysis --- FEM --- multibody simulations --- Plasma flow control --- multichannel discharge --- plasma synthetic actuator --- actuator array --- analytic model --- centrifugal fan --- unsteady flow --- vibroacoustics --- fluid-structure-acoustic coupling --- optimization --- high-speed train --- pantograph --- aerodynamic noise --- large eddy simulation --- acoustic finite element method --- transonic buffet --- tangential slot --- steady and periodic blowing --- postpone of buffet onset --- buffet load alleviation --- component mode synthesis --- petrol engine --- NVH --- FRF --- leakage location --- Lamb wave --- beamforming --- spacecraft in orbit --- vibro-acoustics --- MDO --- aircraft fuselage --- aeroacoustics --- acoustics --- noise --- vibration --- aeronautics --- automotive

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Ultrasonic waves are nowadays used for multiple purposes including both low-intensity/high frequency and high-intensity/low-frequency ultrasound. Low-intensity ultrasound transmits energy through the medium in order to obtain information about the medium or to convey information through the medium. It is successfully used in non-destructive inspection, ultrasonic dynamic analysis, ultrasonic rheology, ultrasonic spectroscopy of materials, process monitoring, applications in civil engineering, aerospace and geological materials and structures, and in the characterization of biological media. Nowadays, it is an essential tool for assessing metals, plastics, aerospace composites, wood, concrete, and cement. High-intensity ultrasound deliberately affects the propagation medium through the high local temperatures and pressures generated. It is used in industrial processes such as welding, cleaning, emulsification, atomization, etc.; chemical reactions and reactor induced by ultrasonic waves; synthesis of organic and inorganic materials; microstructural effects; heat generation; accelerated material characterization by ultrasonic fatigue testing; food processing; and environmental protection. This book collects eleven papers, one review, and ten research papers with the aim to present recent advances in ultrasonic wave propagation applied for the characterization or the processing of materials. Both fundamental science and applications of ultrasound in the field of material characterization and material processing have been gathered.

Technology: general issues --- ultrasonic lens --- axicon lens --- focused ultrasound --- transcranial ultrasound --- non-destructive inspection --- damage identification --- topology optimization --- ultrasonic wave propagation --- ultrasonic visualization --- L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod --- ultrasonic bending vibration --- 2A14 aluminum alloy --- solidification structure --- composition segregation --- 1060 aluminum alloy --- twin-roll casting --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- mesostructure --- Lamb wave --- heterogeneity --- Monte Carlo method --- SHM --- ultrasound --- time of flight --- reinforcement --- resin transfer molding (RTM) --- permeability --- liquid composite molding --- material characterization --- composite manufacturing --- liquid penetration --- ultrasound transmission --- capillary penetration --- porous sheets --- bulk metallic glass --- ultrasonic assisted turning --- finite element analysis --- cutting force --- guided waves --- setting time --- mortar and concrete --- early age --- thermoplastic composites --- ultrasonic joints --- resistance heating --- elastography --- viscoelastic properties --- creep --- stress relaxation --- ultrasonic lens --- axicon lens --- focused ultrasound --- transcranial ultrasound --- non-destructive inspection --- damage identification --- topology optimization --- ultrasonic wave propagation --- ultrasonic visualization --- L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod --- ultrasonic bending vibration --- 2A14 aluminum alloy --- solidification structure --- composition segregation --- 1060 aluminum alloy --- twin-roll casting --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- mesostructure --- Lamb wave --- heterogeneity --- Monte Carlo method --- SHM --- ultrasound --- time of flight --- reinforcement --- resin transfer molding (RTM) --- permeability --- liquid composite molding --- material characterization --- composite manufacturing --- liquid penetration --- ultrasound transmission --- capillary penetration --- porous sheets --- bulk metallic glass --- ultrasonic assisted turning --- finite element analysis --- cutting force --- guided waves --- setting time --- mortar and concrete --- early age --- thermoplastic composites --- ultrasonic joints --- resistance heating --- elastography --- viscoelastic properties --- creep --- stress relaxation

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The book deals with novel aspects and perspectives in functionally graded materials (FGMs), which are advanced engineering materials designed for a specific performance or function with spatial gradation in structure and/or composition. The contributions mainly focus on numerical simulations of mechanical properties and the behavior of FGMs and FGM structures. Several advancements in numerical simulations that are particularly useful for investigations on FGMs have been proposed and demonstrated in this Special Issue. Such proposed approaches provide incisive methods to explore and predict the mechanical and structural characteristics of FGMs subjected to thermoelectromechanical loadings under various boundary and environmental conditions. The contributions have resulted in enhanced activity regarding the prediction of FGM properties and global structural responses, which are of great importance when considering the potential applications of FGM structures. Furthermore, the presented scientific scope is, in some way, an answer to the continuous demand for FGM structures, and opens new perspectives for their practical use.

power-law distribution --- evanescent wave --- flow theory of plasticity --- free vibration characteristics --- neural networks --- geometrically nonlinear analysis --- finite element method --- stress concentration factor --- inhomogeneous composite materials --- circular plate --- porous materials --- minimum module approximation method --- ANFIS --- electroelastic solution --- functionally graded piezoelectric materials --- Love wave --- polynomial approach --- stepped FG paraboloidal shell --- material design --- damping coefficient --- spring stiffness technique --- Lamb wave --- pure bending --- general edge conditions --- residual stress --- graded finite elements --- large strain --- non-linear buckling analysis --- orthogonal stiffener --- combined mechanical loads --- functionally graded piezoelectric-piezomagnetic material --- functionally graded beams --- attenuation --- failure and damage --- analytical solution --- functionally graded materials --- elastoplastic analysis --- elastic foundation --- hollow disc --- different moduli in tension and compression --- external pressure --- functional graded saturated material --- bimodulus --- fuzzy logic --- truncated conical sandwich shell --- quadratic solid–shell elements --- functionally graded viscoelastic material --- finite element analysis --- residual strain --- neutral layer --- elliptical hole --- thin structures --- functionally graded plate --- inhomogeneity --- clustering --- metal foam core layer --- robotics and contact wear --- dispersion --- high order shear deformation theory --- finite elements

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Ultrasonic waves are nowadays used for multiple purposes including both low-intensity/high frequency and high-intensity/low-frequency ultrasound. Low-intensity ultrasound transmits energy through the medium in order to obtain information about the medium or to convey information through the medium. It is successfully used in non-destructive inspection, ultrasonic dynamic analysis, ultrasonic rheology, ultrasonic spectroscopy of materials, process monitoring, applications in civil engineering, aerospace and geological materials and structures, and in the characterization of biological media. Nowadays, it is an essential tool for assessing metals, plastics, aerospace composites, wood, concrete, and cement. High-intensity ultrasound deliberately affects the propagation medium through the high local temperatures and pressures generated. It is used in industrial processes such as welding, cleaning, emulsification, atomization, etc.; chemical reactions and reactor induced by ultrasonic waves; synthesis of organic and inorganic materials; microstructural effects; heat generation; accelerated material characterization by ultrasonic fatigue testing; food processing; and environmental protection. This book collects eleven papers, one review, and ten research papers with the aim to present recent advances in ultrasonic wave propagation applied for the characterization or the processing of materials. Both fundamental science and applications of ultrasound in the field of material characterization and material processing have been gathered.

Technology: general issues --- ultrasonic lens --- axicon lens --- focused ultrasound --- transcranial ultrasound --- non-destructive inspection --- damage identification --- topology optimization --- ultrasonic wave propagation --- ultrasonic visualization --- L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod --- ultrasonic bending vibration --- 2A14 aluminum alloy --- solidification structure --- composition segregation --- 1060 aluminum alloy --- twin-roll casting --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- concrete --- mesostructure --- Lamb wave --- heterogeneity --- Monte Carlo method --- SHM --- ultrasound --- time of flight --- reinforcement --- resin transfer molding (RTM) --- permeability --- liquid composite molding --- material characterization --- composite manufacturing --- liquid penetration --- ultrasound transmission --- capillary penetration --- porous sheets --- bulk metallic glass --- ultrasonic assisted turning --- finite element analysis --- cutting force --- guided waves --- setting time --- mortar and concrete --- early age --- thermoplastic composites --- ultrasonic joints --- resistance heating --- elastography --- viscoelastic properties --- creep --- stress relaxation --- n/a

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In this era of technological progress and given the need for welfare and safety, everything that is manufactured and maintained must comply with such needs. We would all like to live in a safe house that will not collapse on us. We would all like to walk on a safe road and never see a chasm open in front of us. We would all like to cross a bridge and reach the other side safely. We all would like to feel safe and secure when taking a plane, ship, train, or using any equipment. All this may be possible with the adoption of adequate manufacturing processes, with non-destructive inspection of final parts and monitoring during the in-service life of components. Above all, maintenance should be imperative. This requires effective non-destructive testing techniques and procedures. This Special Issue is a collection of some of the latest research in these areas, aiming to highlight new ideas and ways to deal with challenging issues worldwide. Different types of materials and structures are considered, different non-destructive testing techniques are employed with new approaches for data treatment proposed as well as numerical simulations. This can serve as food for thought for the community involved in the inspection of materials and structures as well as condition monitoring.

History of engineering & technology --- reinforce concrete --- rebar --- defect --- self-magnetic behavior --- magnetic flux density --- probability paper method --- Passive Magnetic Inspection (PMI) --- aluminum alloy wheel --- X-ray --- nondestructive testing --- defect detection --- adaptive threshold --- morphological reconstruction --- non-destructive inspection --- laser ultrasonic imaging --- Lamb wave --- delamination --- composite laminate --- frescoed surfaces --- non-destructive test --- plaster detachment --- impact hammer test --- historical masonry building --- thick multilayer composites --- discrete defects --- ultrasonic pulse echo --- nondestructive testing (NDT) --- recurrence plot (RP) --- recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) --- statistical results --- chaotic behavior --- phased array ultrasonic --- composites --- signal sensitivity --- diffuse ultrasonic waves --- cross-ply fiber reinforced composite --- defect localization --- non-destructive tests --- damage assessment --- residual properties --- Finite Element Method --- Damage Index --- non-destructive damage detection --- steel wire ropes --- review --- electromagnetic detection --- optical detection --- ultrasonic guided wave --- basalt fibers --- polyamide --- polypropylene --- impact damage --- lock-in thermography --- ultrasonic testing --- debonding --- composite damage --- electromechanical impedance --- piezoelectric --- FEM simulation --- non-destructive testing evaluation --- infrared thermography testing --- image enhancement --- reinforce concrete --- rebar --- defect --- self-magnetic behavior --- magnetic flux density --- probability paper method --- Passive Magnetic Inspection (PMI) --- aluminum alloy wheel --- X-ray --- nondestructive testing --- defect detection --- adaptive threshold --- morphological reconstruction --- non-destructive inspection --- laser ultrasonic imaging --- Lamb wave --- delamination --- composite laminate --- frescoed surfaces --- non-destructive test --- plaster detachment --- impact hammer test --- historical masonry building --- thick multilayer composites --- discrete defects --- ultrasonic pulse echo --- nondestructive testing (NDT) --- recurrence plot (RP) --- recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) --- statistical results --- chaotic behavior --- phased array ultrasonic --- composites --- signal sensitivity --- diffuse ultrasonic waves --- cross-ply fiber reinforced composite --- defect localization --- non-destructive tests --- damage assessment --- residual properties --- Finite Element Method --- Damage Index --- non-destructive damage detection --- steel wire ropes --- review --- electromagnetic detection --- optical detection --- ultrasonic guided wave --- basalt fibers --- polyamide --- polypropylene --- impact damage --- lock-in thermography --- ultrasonic testing --- debonding --- composite damage --- electromechanical impedance --- piezoelectric --- FEM simulation --- non-destructive testing evaluation --- infrared thermography testing --- image enhancement