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This paper reviews both current practices and common challenges of measuring the causes, functioning, and consequences of violent conflict at the micro-level. The authors review existing conflict- and violence-related survey questionnaires, with a particular focus on the World Bank's Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Further, they discuss methodological challenges associated with empirical work in conflict-affected areas-such as operationalizing a definition of conflict, using the appropriate units of analysis, deciding on the timing of the survey, dealing with data biases and conducting surveys in an ethically sound manner-and propose ways to improve the usefulness of existing surveys to analyze conflict processes at the micro-level. Violent conflict, households, survey methods, questionnaire design.
Abuse. --- Access to Markets. --- Access to Services. --- Armed Conflict. --- Atrocities. --- Basic Needs. --- Bombing. --- Causes of Displacement. --- Child Mortality. --- Civil War. --- Civilian Populations. --- Combatants. --- Conflict and Development. --- Conflict Research. --- Conflict Resolution. --- Conflict. --- Conflicts. --- Constraints. --- Consultant. --- Contract. --- Crises. --- Death. --- Demobilization. --- Democracy. --- Developing Countries. --- Disarmament. --- Economic Development. --- Economic Growth. --- Economies. --- Ethnic Group. --- Evelopment Aid. --- Evelopment Policy. --- Ex-Combatant. --- Excess Mortality. --- Exposure to Violence. --- Extreme Poverty. --- Fertility. --- Fighting. --- Food Consumption. --- Food Policy. --- Foundations. --- Genocide. --- Guerrilla. --- Health Problems. --- Health, Nutrition and Population. --- Household Emographics. --- Household Heads. --- Household Survey. --- Household Welfare. --- Human Capital. --- Human Welfare. --- Hunger Insurance. --- Illness. --- Impact of Conflict. --- Impact of Shocks. --- Income. --- Inequality. --- Insurance. --- International Bank. --- International Committee. --- International Cooperation. --- Knowledge. --- Labor Market. --- Labor Supply. --- Lack of Infrastructure. --- Life Events. --- Living Standards. --- Local Conflict. --- Malnutrition. --- Measures. --- Migration. --- Military Service. --- Mortality Levels. --- Mortality. --- Nations. --- Needs Assessments. --- Negotiations. --- Number of Deaths. --- Nutrition. --- Observer. --- Peace Research. --- Peace. --- Peacebuilding. --- Peacekeeping. --- Polarization. --- Policy Iscussions. --- Policy Makers. --- Policy Research Working Paper. --- Policy Research. --- Policy. --- Political Constraints. --- Political Instability. --- Political Participation. --- Political Violence. --- Politics. --- Poor Households. --- Poor. --- Population Fund. --- Population Groups. --- Population Policies. --- Population. --- Post Conflict Reconstruction. --- Post-Conflict Reconstruction. --- Poverty Dynamics. --- Poverty Estimates. --- Poverty Reduction. --- Poverty. --- Primary School. --- Progress. --- Publications. --- Rape. --- Rebel. --- Reconstruction. --- Refugee Camps. --- Refugee. --- Revolutions. --- Right-Wing. --- Risks. --- Roads. --- Rural Households. --- Rural Poverty Reduction. --- Rural Roads. --- Rural. --- Sexual Abuse. --- Social Action. --- Social Conflict and Violence. --- Social Development. --- Social Science. --- Social Security. --- Soldiers. --- Substance Abuse. --- Terrorism. --- Training. --- Transfers. --- Trauma. --- Trust. --- Unemployment. --- United Nations Population Fund. --- University. --- Victims. --- Village Leaders. --- Violence. --- Violent Conflict. --- Violent Experiences. --- Vulnerability. --- Vulnerable Groups. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Evelopment.
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Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment decisions are conflicted with risk management ones: risk-averse farmers tend to underinvest and produce lower yielding yet safer crops. In the past few years, weather index insurance has gained increasing attention as an effective tool to provide small-scale farmers coverage against aggregate shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence about its effectiveness. This paper studies the effect of the recently introduced rainfall-indexed insurance on farmers' productivity, risk management strategies, as well as per capita income and expenditure in Mexico. The identification strategy takes advantage of the variation across counties and across time in which the insurance was rolled-out. The analysis finds that the presence of insurance in treated counties has significant and positive effects on maize productivity. Similarly, there is a positive association between the presence of insurance in the municipality and rural households' per capita expenditure and income, although no significant relation is found between the presence of insurance and the number of hectares destined for maize production.
Administrative Costs --- Adverse Selection --- Agricultural Development --- Agricultural Insurance --- Agricultural Land --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Production --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Technology --- Agriculture --- Basis Risk --- Beneficiaries --- Cash Crops --- Cash Transfer Programs --- Cash Transfers --- Checks --- Claims --- Communal Land --- Consumption Smoothing --- Contracts --- Counterfactual --- Covariate Shocks --- Coverage --- Credit --- Crop Insurance --- Crop Varieties --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Debt Markets --- Development Economics --- Drought --- Durable --- Durable Assets --- Economics --- Effects --- Efficiency --- Equity --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Extreme Poverty --- Famine --- Farmers --- Female Labor --- Female Labor Force --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Support --- Guarantee --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Illiteracy --- Implicit Contracts --- Incentives --- Income --- Income Smoothing --- Indemnity --- Indemnity Payments --- Infant Mortality --- Information --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Company --- Insurance Contracts --- Insurance Coverage --- Insurance Market --- Insurance Policies --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Product --- Insurances --- Insurers --- Interest --- International Bank --- Investment --- Investment Decisions --- Irrigation --- Labor --- Labor Force --- Labor Policies --- Lack of Infrastructure --- Land Quality --- Land Size --- Loans --- Loss --- Malnutrition --- Management --- Market --- Market Failures --- Measures --- Minimum Wages --- Moral Hazard --- Mortality --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Policies --- Policyholders --- Political Economy --- Poor --- Poor Rural Household --- Poverty --- Poverty Index --- Poverty Levels --- Poverty Reduction --- Premiums --- Private Insurance --- Private Insurance Companies --- Production --- Production of Cash Crops --- Productivity --- Productivity Growth --- Profit --- Programs --- Property Rights --- Rates --- Real Income --- Reinsurance --- Reinsurance Markets --- Rights --- Risk --- Risk Exposure --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Strategies --- Risk Sharing --- Risk Sharing Arrangements --- Risk Taking --- Risk Transfer --- Risks --- Running Water --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Household --- Rural Level --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Settings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Standards --- Supply --- Theory --- Training --- Transfer Programs --- Transfers --- Value --- Wages
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This paper reviews both current practices and common challenges of measuring the causes, functioning, and consequences of violent conflict at the micro-level. The authors review existing conflict- and violence-related survey questionnaires, with a particular focus on the World Bank's Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Further, they discuss methodological challenges associated with empirical work in conflict-affected areas-such as operationalizing a definition of conflict, using the appropriate units of analysis, deciding on the timing of the survey, dealing with data biases and conducting surveys in an ethically sound manner-and propose ways to improve the usefulness of existing surveys to analyze conflict processes at the micro-level. Violent conflict, households, survey methods, questionnaire design.
Abuse. --- Access to Markets. --- Access to Services. --- Armed Conflict. --- Atrocities. --- Basic Needs. --- Bombing. --- Causes of Displacement. --- Child Mortality. --- Civil War. --- Civilian Populations. --- Combatants. --- Conflict and Development. --- Conflict Research. --- Conflict Resolution. --- Conflict. --- Conflicts. --- Constraints. --- Consultant. --- Contract. --- Crises. --- Death. --- Demobilization. --- Democracy. --- Developing Countries. --- Disarmament. --- Economic Development. --- Economic Growth. --- Economies. --- Ethnic Group. --- Evelopment Aid. --- Evelopment Policy. --- Ex-Combatant. --- Excess Mortality. --- Exposure to Violence. --- Extreme Poverty. --- Fertility. --- Fighting. --- Food Consumption. --- Food Policy. --- Foundations. --- Genocide. --- Guerrilla. --- Health Problems. --- Health, Nutrition and Population. --- Household Emographics. --- Household Heads. --- Household Survey. --- Household Welfare. --- Human Capital. --- Human Welfare. --- Hunger Insurance. --- Illness. --- Impact of Conflict. --- Impact of Shocks. --- Income. --- Inequality. --- Insurance. --- International Bank. --- International Committee. --- International Cooperation. --- Knowledge. --- Labor Market. --- Labor Supply. --- Lack of Infrastructure. --- Life Events. --- Living Standards. --- Local Conflict. --- Malnutrition. --- Measures. --- Migration. --- Military Service. --- Mortality Levels. --- Mortality. --- Nations. --- Needs Assessments. --- Negotiations. --- Number of Deaths. --- Nutrition. --- Observer. --- Peace Research. --- Peace. --- Peacebuilding. --- Peacekeeping. --- Polarization. --- Policy Iscussions. --- Policy Makers. --- Policy Research Working Paper. --- Policy Research. --- Policy. --- Political Constraints. --- Political Instability. --- Political Participation. --- Political Violence. --- Politics. --- Poor Households. --- Poor. --- Population Fund. --- Population Groups. --- Population Policies. --- Population. --- Post Conflict Reconstruction. --- Post-Conflict Reconstruction. --- Poverty Dynamics. --- Poverty Estimates. --- Poverty Reduction. --- Poverty. --- Primary School. --- Progress. --- Publications. --- Rape. --- Rebel. --- Reconstruction. --- Refugee Camps. --- Refugee. --- Revolutions. --- Right-Wing. --- Risks. --- Roads. --- Rural Households. --- Rural Poverty Reduction. --- Rural Roads. --- Rural. --- Sexual Abuse. --- Social Action. --- Social Conflict and Violence. --- Social Development. --- Social Science. --- Social Security. --- Soldiers. --- Substance Abuse. --- Terrorism. --- Training. --- Transfers. --- Trauma. --- Trust. --- Unemployment. --- United Nations Population Fund. --- University. --- Victims. --- Village Leaders. --- Violence. --- Violent Conflict. --- Violent Experiences. --- Vulnerability. --- Vulnerable Groups. --- War. --- Warfare. --- World Evelopment.
Choose an application
Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment decisions are conflicted with risk management ones: risk-averse farmers tend to underinvest and produce lower yielding yet safer crops. In the past few years, weather index insurance has gained increasing attention as an effective tool to provide small-scale farmers coverage against aggregate shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence about its effectiveness. This paper studies the effect of the recently introduced rainfall-indexed insurance on farmers' productivity, risk management strategies, as well as per capita income and expenditure in Mexico. The identification strategy takes advantage of the variation across counties and across time in which the insurance was rolled-out. The analysis finds that the presence of insurance in treated counties has significant and positive effects on maize productivity. Similarly, there is a positive association between the presence of insurance in the municipality and rural households' per capita expenditure and income, although no significant relation is found between the presence of insurance and the number of hectares destined for maize production.
Administrative Costs --- Adverse Selection --- Agricultural Development --- Agricultural Insurance --- Agricultural Land --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Production --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Technology --- Agriculture --- Basis Risk --- Beneficiaries --- Cash Crops --- Cash Transfer Programs --- Cash Transfers --- Checks --- Claims --- Communal Land --- Consumption Smoothing --- Contracts --- Counterfactual --- Covariate Shocks --- Coverage --- Credit --- Crop Insurance --- Crop Varieties --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Debt Markets --- Development Economics --- Drought --- Durable --- Durable Assets --- Economics --- Effects --- Efficiency --- Equity --- Exchange --- Expenditure --- Extreme Poverty --- Famine --- Farmers --- Female Labor --- Female Labor Force --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Support --- Guarantee --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Survey --- Illiteracy --- Implicit Contracts --- Incentives --- Income --- Income Smoothing --- Indemnity --- Indemnity Payments --- Infant Mortality --- Information --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Company --- Insurance Contracts --- Insurance Coverage --- Insurance Market --- Insurance Policies --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Product --- Insurances --- Insurers --- Interest --- International Bank --- Investment --- Investment Decisions --- Irrigation --- Labor --- Labor Force --- Labor Policies --- Lack of Infrastructure --- Land Quality --- Land Size --- Loans --- Loss --- Malnutrition --- Management --- Market --- Market Failures --- Measures --- Minimum Wages --- Moral Hazard --- Mortality --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Policies --- Policyholders --- Political Economy --- Poor --- Poor Rural Household --- Poverty --- Poverty Index --- Poverty Levels --- Poverty Reduction --- Premiums --- Private Insurance --- Private Insurance Companies --- Production --- Production of Cash Crops --- Productivity --- Productivity Growth --- Profit --- Programs --- Property Rights --- Rates --- Real Income --- Reinsurance --- Reinsurance Markets --- Rights --- Risk --- Risk Exposure --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Strategies --- Risk Sharing --- Risk Sharing Arrangements --- Risk Taking --- Risk Transfer --- Risks --- Running Water --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Household --- Rural Level --- Rural Population --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Settings --- Social Protections and Labor --- Standards --- Supply --- Theory --- Training --- Transfer Programs --- Transfers --- Value --- Wages
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