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An analysis of panel data on individuals in a random selection of urban households in Ethiopia reveals large, sustained, and unexplained earnings gaps between public and private, and formal and informal sectors over the period 1994-2004. The authors have no formal evidence whether these gaps reflect segmentation of the labor market along either of these divides. In other words, they cannot show whether they are at least in part due to impediments to entry in the higher wage sector. But they do have evidence that, if segmentation explains any part of the observed earnings gaps, then it could only have weakened over the survey decade. The authors find, first, that the rate of mobility increased between the two pairs of sectors. Sample transition rates grew across survey waves, while state dependence in sector choice decreased. Second, the sensitivity of sector choice to earnings gaps increased over the same period. In particular, the role of comparative earnings in selection into the informal sector was evident throughout the survey decade and increased in magnitude over the second half of the period.

Employment --- Entry Barriers --- Formal Sector Wage --- Informal Sector --- Job --- Jobs --- Labor --- Labor Market --- Labor Market Indicators --- Labor Markets --- Private Sector --- Private Sector Wage --- Public Sector Employees --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployed --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Employment --- Wage Premiums --- Wage Sector --- Worker --- Workers

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This paper provides a snapshot of Mauritania's labor market using data from the 2004 national household survey. The results show that the labor market is characterized by lower participation rates, lower employment-to-population rates, and relatively higher unemployment rates than in neighboring countries. The non poor fare better in the labor market than the poor. Although the labor force participation of the poor is higher than that of the non poor, the poor display a higher unemployment rate and a lower employment rate than the non poor. The data also suggest a negative correlation between wage employment and poverty. Substantial differences in labor market indicators emerge when disaggregating the analysis by gender and age-group. Female non-participation is extremely high. Women systematically earn less than men independently of their sector and type of employment and controlling for other factors, such as education. Young adults face considerable difficulties in entering the labor market: more than half of the population aged 15-24 is neither studying nor participating in the labor force. As gender disparities remain important for similar levels of education, more work is needed to understand whether cultural factors may prevent women from entering the labor market. Concerning young adults, future poverty reduction strategies need to pay more explicit attention to the promotion of employment through informed labor market policies.

Age group --- Employment --- Household survey --- Informal sector --- Labor --- Labor and Social Protections --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor market --- Labor market indicators --- Labor market outcomes --- Labor market policies --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population --- Population Policies --- Rural Development --- Rural labor --- Rural labor markets --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rate --- Unemployment rates --- Wage determination --- Wage differentials --- Wage employment

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The Philippine economy has been growing rapidly, at an annual growth rate of 5 percent over the past five years. Such decent growth in gross domestic product, however, did not translate into an increase in household income. Wage income declined in real terms. The poverty headcount increased slightly. The fruits of economic growth were not shared equally across the country. Challenges remain to create more jobs to keep pace with the rapidly growing active population. Using the Philippines Labor Force Survey data (2003-2007), this paper reviews the disparities in labor market performance and examines the contribution of regional and individual characteristics. The results show that real wages declined and disparities widened between the National Capital Region and other islands. The youth, less educated, and women face more challenges in finding employment with a decent salary, other things being equal. Disparities in labor market performance are largely associated with the difference in regional structure and human capital endowment. Individual characteristics account for roughly one-third of the difference in wages between the National Capital Region and other regions; regional structures and other unobservable factors account for two-thirds of the difference.

Employment rate --- Finding employment --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High unemployment --- Household income --- Human capital --- Job creation --- Jobs --- Labor Force --- Labor force participation --- Labor Market --- Labor Market Indicators --- Labor Market Performance --- Labor market policies --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Previous job --- Real wage --- Real wages --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployed --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rate --- Wage rate --- Youth and Government

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This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market.

Employment Outcomes --- Finding Work --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- High Unemployment --- High Unemployment Rates --- Jobs --- Labor --- Labor Demand --- Labor Force --- Labor Market --- Labor Market Demand --- Labor Market Indicators --- Labor Market Needs --- Labor Market Outcomes --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Population Policies --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment --- Unemployment Rate --- Youth and Government --- Youth Employment --- Youth Labor --- Youth Unemployment --- Youth Unemployment Rate