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Despite recent improvements in female labor force participation, women remain underrepresented in STEM fields in Japan. Given the close link between STEM workers and innovation, encouraging women to pursue STEM careers could boost growth potential. Using a calibrated endogenous growth model with STEM talent, this paper quantifies the potential gains from eliminating barriers to STEM fields among women. The findings suggest that bridging the gender gap in STEM fields can boost TFP growth by 20 percent and consumption-equivalent welfare by 4 percent in Japan.

Capacity --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Cost --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Economics of Gender --- Gender diversity --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Income economics --- Industrial productivity --- Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives --- Intellectual Property Rights --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Labor Discrimination --- Labor Discrimination: Public Policy --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Total factor productivity --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies --- Japan

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This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

India --- Sex discrimination in employment. --- Economic development. --- Gender equality. --- India. --- Women in development. --- Women''s Studies'. --- Gender Studies. --- Wage Level and Structure. --- Wage Differentials. --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy. --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy. --- Labor Discrimination. --- Economic Development: Human Resources. --- Human Development. --- Income Distribution. --- Migration. --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences. --- Diffusion Processes. --- Economics of Gender. --- Non-labor Discrimination. --- Health: General. --- Education: General. --- women & girls. --- Social discrimination & equal treatment. --- Gender studies, gender groups. --- Health economics. --- Education. --- Women. --- Gender inequality. --- Gender. --- Health. --- Sex discrimination. --- Sex role. --- Diffusion Processes --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Economics of Gender --- Education --- Education: General --- Gender inequality --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Labor Discrimination --- Migration --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Sex discrimination --- Sex role --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Wage Differentials --- Wage Level and Structure --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies

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Greater gender diversity of the IMF’s Executive Board continues to be important to strengthen decision-making at the highest levels of the institution by bringing together different perspectives. Increasing the number of women Executive Directors and Alternate Executive Directors sends important signals about the high value the membership and the IMF place on improving diversity and to generate better outcomes. Despite the IMFC’s calls for increased gender diversity of the Executive Board, the number of women holding the position of Executive Director and Alternate Executive Director on the Executive Board has not substantially improved over time.1 It is a great concern that the proportion of women on the Executive Board has declined in recent years, as shown in the attached updated Fact Sheet.

Economics of Gender --- Economics --- Gender diversity --- Gender Studies --- Gender studies --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Gender --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Political Economy --- Political economy --- Sex role --- Women & girls --- Women --- Women's Studies

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This paper shows that during the 1990s, and before the 1998-2000 border war with Eritrea, the gender gap in education in Eritrea has widened on the national level, and large regional disparities have persisted. The gender gap appears to be linked to lower female teacher participation and limited employment opportunities. The widening of the gender gap is likely to have a long-term negative impact on both economic growth and poverty reduction.

Labor --- Women''s Studies' --- Gender Studies --- Labor Discrimination --- Education: Government Policy --- Welfare and Poverty: Other --- Education: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Health: General --- Education --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Labour --- income economics --- Health economics --- Women --- Gender inequality --- Human capital --- Gender --- Health --- Sex discrimination --- Economic theory --- Eritrea, The State of --- Income economics --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies

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The labor structure in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a high share of informal employment in the rural agricultural sector. The impact of COVID-19 on female employment may not appear to be large as the share of such employment is particularly high among women. Nevertheless, widespread income reduction was observed both in rural and urban households. This could worsen the opportunities for women as husbands’ control over the household resource is the norm. The paper also finds that rural children struggled to continue learning during school closures. Gender-sensitive policies are needed to narrow the gap during and post-pandemic.

Women''s Studies' --- Labor --- Diseases: Contagious --- Macroeconomics --- Particular Labor Markets: General --- Education: General --- Labor Discrimination: General --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Health Behavior --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Labour --- income economics --- Education --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Women --- Gender --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Income --- National accounts --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Communicable diseases --- Nigeria