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The characterization of peptides and proteins is central to understanding their function and expression in biological matrices. Moreover, these macromolecules are important biomarkers of many human diseases. In recent years, the performance of separation techniques based on electromigration have significantly increased. The development of microdevices has reduced sample consumption and waste production while high-sensitivity detectors, such as mass spectrometry (MS) or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), have significantly improved with regards to separation efficiency and detection limits. All of these advancements have led to appreciably enlarged fields of application. Nowadays, a multitude of studies using separation techniques based on electromigration to study proteins and peptides from numerous real matrices are available in the literature. This Special Issue covers the most recent knowledge and advances in the study of peptides and proteins using several electrophoresis techniques, as well as the characterization of relevant proteins and peptides in application areas such as clinical studies, functional foods, and toxicology.

seed phosphoproteomics --- LC-ESI-MS --- purity --- transferrin --- CE-LIF --- enzyme assay --- thioglucosidase --- capillary electrophoresis --- venom composition --- immunoassay --- fluorescence --- seed proteomics --- SEC-HPLC --- desulfo-sinigrin --- metalloproteins --- seed quality traits --- seed glycoproteomics --- proteomics --- sulfatase --- on-gel detection --- non-covalent binding --- Naja ashei --- myrosinase --- SDS-PAGE --- carbon dots --- 2-D electrophoresis --- fragment --- rhIL-12 --- seed molecular breeding --- chip-based CE-LIF assay

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This book entitled Marine Algal Antioxidants, as a special issue of the Antioxidants journal, encloses eleven scientific articles with a preface written by the two editors, Christophe Brunet and Clementina Sansone. Marine Algal Antioxidants book reports advances of the research on marine photosynthetic organisms for the growth of biotechnological pipelines aimed to enhance antioxidant molecules production by algae. More than twenty scientists share the results of their research and highlight the relevance of algae for developing marine biotechnology products to flourish the requirements of nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals in the defense of human health. Multidisciplinarity of the scientific approaches presented in this book – such as physiological, molecular, chemistry, technical or technological methodologies – lays the foundation for harmonizing the links between them towards the unique goal of the improvement of marine algal factory processes.

Technology: general issues --- algae --- Chlorella --- Fucus --- detoxification --- environmental pollution --- antioxidants --- heavy metals --- selenium --- SOD-1 --- neurotoxicology --- aminoazuphrates --- clinical medicine --- nutrition --- neuropathology --- Dunaliella salina --- microalgae --- red LED --- blue LED --- growth --- carotenoids --- plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant activities --- Box–Behnken design --- microwave-assisted extraction --- polysaccharide --- Ulva pertusa --- seaweed --- 9-cis β-carotene --- all-trans β-carotene --- light intensity --- isomerisation --- light --- ascorbic acid --- phenolic compounds --- flavonoids --- photoprotection --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- fucoxanthin --- antioxidative --- antiproliferative --- antioxidant --- biodiversity --- genome–scale metabolic networks (GSMNs), data integration --- brown algae --- oxygenated carotenoid biosynthesis --- abscisic acid --- Saccharina japonica --- Cladosiphon okamuranus --- lipophilic antioxidant --- solvent blending --- macroalgae --- LC-ESI-MS/MS --- carotenoid pigment --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll derivative --- phototrophic --- heterotrophic --- Scenedesmus --- chlorophylls --- hydroxy-chlorophyll --- oxidative metabolism --- ROS --- lactone-chlorophyll --- photoacclimation --- seaweeds --- green algae --- marine algae --- Ulva intestinalis --- Enteromorpha intestinalis --- quantification --- polyphenols --- apigenin --- accelerated solvent extraction --- ASE --- HPLC-LRMS --- HPLC-HRMS --- HPLC --- TPC --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- TFC --- qNMR --- n/a --- Box-Behnken design --- genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs), data integration --- Folin-Ciocalteu

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Targeted therapy has developed significantly in the last one and half decades, prescribing specific medications for treatment of particular diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. One of the most exciting recent developments in targeted therapies was the isolation of disease-specific molecules from natural resources, such as animal venoms and plant metabolites/toxins, for use as templates for new drug motif designs. In addition, the study of venom proteins/peptides and toxins naturally targeted mammalian receptors and demonstrated high specificity and selectivity towards defined ion channels of cell membranes. Research has also focsed intensely on receptors. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins addressed the most recent advances using animal venoms, such as frog secretions, bee/ant venoms and plant/fungi toxins, as medicinal therapy. Recent advances in venom/toxin/immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy, along with using novel disease-specific venom-based protein/peptide/toxin and currently available FDA-approved drugs for combinationtreatments will be discussed. Finally, we included an overview of select promising toad/snake venom-based peptides/toxins potentially able to address the forthcoming challenges in this field. Both research and review articles proposing novelties or overviews, respectively, were published in this Special Issue after rigorous evaluation and revision by expert peer reviewers.

cane toad --- n/a --- B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma --- Malaysian cobras --- complement system --- decay accelerating factor --- neuroblastoma --- atopic dermatitis --- complement dependent cytotoxicity --- antioxidant enzymes --- bacterial adhesion --- cancer therapy --- N. kaouthia --- anuran skin secretion --- frog --- Apis mellifera syriaca --- solid phase extraction --- bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) --- disintegrin --- toad toxins --- immunotoxins --- ribosome-inactivating proteins --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- drug design --- Moxetumomab pasudotox --- snake venom --- antiviral activity --- in vitro effects --- bombesin-related peptide --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- half-life --- blood vessel formation --- target therapy --- 2 --- MYCN --- indolealkylamines --- Huachansu --- membrane attack complex --- bouganin --- bee venom --- SEM --- anticancer activity --- antimicrobial peptide --- house dust mite extract (DFE) --- mannose receptor --- O. hannah --- bicarinalin --- gastric cells --- melittin --- LC-ESI-MS --- dermaseptin --- smooth muscle --- apoptosis --- anticancer --- N. sumatrana --- Helicobacter pylori --- inflammation --- immunotherapy --- atopic dermatitis (AD) --- immunotoxin --- mantle cell lymphoma --- clearance --- mass spectrometry --- Bougainvillea --- rRNA N-glycosylase activity --- fungal toxin --- skin inflammation --- targeted therapy --- 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) --- Bee venom --- VEGF --- Chansu --- bufadienolides --- obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) --- BLF1 --- antimicrobial activity --- orellanine --- VB6-845 --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- ribosome-inactivating protein --- CD206 --- molecular cloning --- cancer --- CD22 --- eIF4A --- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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The Special issue "Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II" is continuing the intriguing research on the use of natural plant products. The second edition follows the aim of the first one.

Bergenia species --- botanical description --- traditional uses --- phytochemistry --- pharmacology --- anti-urolithiatic activity --- bergenin --- Flaxseed oil --- linusorb B3 --- anti-cancer --- apoptosis --- actin polymerization --- Src --- glioblastoma --- chlorogenic acid --- coffee --- cyclooxygenase --- espresso --- instant coffee --- platelet aggregation --- Rubia tinctorum L. --- antioxidants --- polyphenols --- ethylene glycol --- urolithiasis --- histophatology --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- β-glucan --- antimicrobial and anticancer activities --- detoxification ability --- immunomodulatory effect --- Aquilaria sinensis --- pheophorbide A --- MMP-2 --- MMP-9 --- HT-1080 --- advanced glycation end product (AGE) --- oxidative stress --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition --- AGE-inhibitor --- swertiamarin --- diabetic nephropathy --- astragaloside IV --- Astragalus membranaceus --- huang qi --- Astragali Radix --- liver --- liver regeneration --- 70% partial hepatectomy --- proliferation --- rat --- memory --- object recognition --- Ginkgo biloba --- dorsal hippocampus formation --- brain-derived neurotrophic factor --- Diclofenac --- γ-lactone --- nano-emulsion --- methylcellulose --- Ostrich oil --- Struthio camelus --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- leaf extract --- neuroprotection --- antioxidant activity --- DAF-16 --- Clerodendrum infortunatum --- terpenoids --- phenylpropanoids --- antidiabetic --- breast cancer --- Combretum indicum L. --- antidiabetic activity --- histopathology --- UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS --- network pharmacology --- Biebersteinia heterostemon --- galegine --- hypotensive --- toxicity --- Sage --- Salvia officinalis --- cytotoxicity --- hepatoprotection --- MDA --- TAOxC --- MCF-7 --- HeLA cells --- HepG-2 cells --- Peganum harmala --- anti-inflammatory activity --- antioxidant --- LC-ESI-MS/MS --- traditional medicine --- rheumatoid arthritis --- rosmanol --- carnosol --- Callicarpa longissima --- TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK --- synergistic effect --- diabetes mellitus --- anti-diabetic drugs --- monoterpenes