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This book provides a contextual analysis of constitutional governance in Ireland. It presents the 1937 Constitution as a seminal moment in an ongoing constitutional evolution, rather than a foundational event. The book demonstrates how the Irish constitutional order revolves around a bipartite separation of powers. The Government is dominant but is legally constrained by the courts, particularly in their interpretations of the fundamental rights protected by the Constitution. In recent decades, the courts have weakened the constitutional constraints on the Government. Political constraints imposed by opposition parties in Parliament and new accountability institutions (such as the Ombudsman) have moderately strengthened but the Government remains by far the most powerful political actor. There is a risk that such executive dominance could lead to democratic decay; however, the referendum requirement for constitutional amendment has prevented Governments from accumulating greater constitutional power. The book begins with an overview of Irish constitutional history leading to the enactment of the 1937 Constitution, before exploring the foundational decisions made by the Constitution in relation to territory, people and citizenship. Particular attention is paid to the constitutional relationship with Northern Ireland, currently unsettled by the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. The book details the key institutions of state (Government, Parliament, President and courts), before analysing how different constitutional actors exercise their respective powers of governance, contestation and oversight. A thematic approach is taken to the courts' interpretation of fundamental rights, showing how judicial attitudes have markedly changed over time. Further attention is paid to both formal amendment and informal constitutional change. The Constitution today is markedly different from 1937: it is non-committal on national reunification, less influenced by Roman Catholic natural law teaching, and generally more permissive of Government action. It is perhaps these developments, however, that explain its continued success or, at least, its longevity.

Constitutional law --- Constitutions --- Delegation of powers --- Civil rights --- Federal government --- BPB9999 --- Division of powers --- Federal-provincial relations --- Federal-state relations --- Federal systems --- Federalism --- Powers, Division of --- Provincial-federal relations --- State-federal relations --- Political science --- Central-local government relations --- Decentralization in government --- Powers, Delegation of --- Administrative law --- Executive power --- Judicial power --- Legislative power --- Separation of powers --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Law --- Law and legislation --- Droit constitutionnel --- Délégation des pouvoirs (science politique) --- Droits civils et politiques --- Gouvernement fédéral --- BPB1812 --- Irlande --- Constitution --- Grondwettelijk recht --- Ierland --- Grondwet --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- Írsko --- Ireland --- Ирска --- Irlanti --- Éire --- Irland --- Írország --- Īrija --- Ιρλανδία --- Irska --- Irlanda --- Iirimaa --- Ирландия --- Irsko --- Irlandia --- l-Irlanda --- Airija --- Republika Irska --- jižní Irsko --- Southern Ireland --- Ейре --- Irlanda de Sud --- južné Írsko --- Etelä-Irlanti --- Ejre --- Airijos Respublika --- Pietų Airija --- Republica Irlanda --- Lõuna-Iirimaa --- Eire --- Irlanda Jugore --- Република Ирска --- e drejta kushtetuese --- drept constituțional --- riigiõigus --- Derecho constitucional --- constitutional law --- prawo konstytucyjne --- alkotmányjog --- valtiosääntöoikeus --- konstitucinė teisė --- уставно право --- forfatningsret --- direito constitucional --- författningsrätt --- konstitucionālais likums --- ústavné právo --- ustavno pravo --- ústavní právo --- конституционно право --- Verfassungsrecht --- συνταγματικό δίκαιο --- grondwettelijk recht --- diritto costituzionale --- dritt kostituzzjonali --- ligj parlamentar --- konstitucionalistika --- parlamentinė teisė --- staatsrecht --- konstitutionel ret --- parlamentārās tiesības --- politiek recht --- derecho político --- direito parlamentar --- Derecho parlamentario --- κοινοβουλευτικό δίκαιο --- parlamenti jog --- diritto parlamentare --- droit parlementaire --- parlementair recht --- parlamentní právo --- πολιτικό δικαίωμα --- politikai jog --- konstitucionālās tiesības --- parlamentarisk ret --- конституционално право --- prawo parlamentarne --- droit politique --- liġi parlamentari --- konstitutionell rätt --- oikeuspolitiikka --- parlamentné právo --- direito político --- parliamentary law --- valsts tiesības --- парламентарно право --- parlamentaarne õigus --- parlamentarno pravo --- Parlamentsrecht --- drept parlamentar --- státní právo --- statsforfatningsret --- diritto politico --- politisches Recht --- parlamentaarinen oikeus --- bunreacht --- dlí bunreachtúil --- droit constitutionnel --- Délégation des pouvoirs (science politique) --- Gouvernement fédéral

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This book argues that nationalist violence in developed countries is the product of unresponsive political elites and nationalists blocked from attracting supporters through legal channels. Political elites are prone to ignoring a regional polity when their clout in that region is negligible and they do not rely on the region's support to maintain their positions of power. Conversely, when nationalists cannot make inroads through legal channels, incentives for violence are ripe. Thus, when nationalists in postwar Europe found elites unresponsive, it was state repression that helped radicals build a new group of support around militant action. The larger this new constituency legitimizing violence grew, the longer the conflict lasted. The book elucidates this complex dynamic through a deft combination of theoretical modeling, statistical methods and comparative case studies from the Basque Country, Catalonia, Corsica, Northern Ireland, Sardinia and Wales.

political violence --- democracy --- nationalism --- nationalist party --- radical party --- history --- Basque Country --- Catalonia --- Corsica --- Ireland --- Sardinia --- Political violence --- Radicalism --- Extremism, Political --- Ideological extremism --- Political extremism --- Political science --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Terrorism --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- histoire --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- radikálna strana --- radikaalinen puolue --- ριζοσπαστικό κόμμα --- radikale Partei --- radikālā partija --- радикална партија --- parti radikale --- partido radical --- partit radikali --- radicale partij --- радикална странка --- partito radicale --- radikalų partija --- радикална партия --- partia radykalna --- radikalna stranka --- radikaalne partei --- radikális párt --- radikální strana --- parti radical --- radikalt parti --- partide radicale --- politický radikalismus --- εθνικιστικό κόμμα --- nationalistische Partei --- nacionalista párt --- националистичка партија --- nationalistparti --- националистическа партия --- nacionalistička stranka --- partit nazzjonalista --- националистичка странка --- partid naționalist --- nacionālistu partija --- nacionalistinė partija --- rahvuslik partei --- parti nacionaliste --- nacionalistická strana --- partito nazionalistico --- kansallispuolue --- partia nacjonalistyczna --- nationalistische partij --- nacionalistična stranka --- partido nacionalista --- nationalistisk parti --- parti nationaliste --- nacionální strana --- nationalistiskt parti --- национализъм --- kansallisuusaate --- nazzjonaliżmu --- nacionalizam --- nacionalismus --- nacionālisms --- национализам --- nacionalizëm --- Nationalismus --- nacionalizmus --- naționalism --- nationalisme --- nacionalismo --- nacionalizem --- rahvuslus --- nazionalismo --- nacjonalizm --- εθνικισμός --- nacionalizmas --- σωβινισμός --- sciovinismo --- sovinizmus --- шовинизъм --- chovinismo --- chauvinisme --- Chauvinismus --- шовинизам --- şovinism --- szowinizm --- sovinismi --- chauvinismo --- šovinizmas --- šovinismus --- šovinism --- chauvinism --- šovinizam --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- democrație --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- democratie --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- politikai erőszak --- политичко насиље --- politisk vold --- политическо насилие --- poliittinen väkivalta --- poliitiline vägivald --- politinė prievarta --- политичко насилство --- violencia política --- violenza politica --- violence politique --- πολιτική βία --- politiskā vardarbība --- vjolenza politika --- političko nasilje --- politické násilí --- dhunë politike --- politische Gewalt --- przemoc polityczna --- violență politică --- politiek geweld --- politično nasilje --- violência política --- politiskt våld --- politické násilie --- rivoluzione --- револуција --- vallankumous --- forradalom --- atentát --- герила --- Revolution --- guerrilha --- guerile --- Guerillabewegung --- révolution --- revolução --- guerrilla --- guerriglia --- revolutsioon --- gerilla --- gerillaháború --- gherilă --- revolucion --- επανάσταση --- revoluție --- αντάρτικο --- revolúcia --- revolucija --- revolūcija --- partisan --- revoliucija --- revolta --- partizānu karš --- revoluce --- partizanas --- sissi --- guérilla --- revolution --- revolución --- politikai kényszer --- guerilla --- lotta armata --- επαναστατική δράση --- gerila --- revolutie --- Cerdeña --- Σαρδηνία --- Sardenja --- Sardinië --- Sardynia --- Сардиния --- Sardegna --- Szardínia --- Sardaigne --- Sardinija --- Sardínia --- Sardinien --- Sardiinia --- Sardinie --- Sardīnija --- Sardenha --- Сардинија --- Автономен Италијански Регион Сардинија --- Írsko --- Ирска --- Irlanti --- Éire --- Irland --- Írország --- Īrija --- Ierland --- Irlande --- Ιρλανδία --- Irska --- Irlanda --- Iirimaa --- Ирландия --- Irsko --- Irlandia --- l-Irlanda --- Airija --- Republika Irska --- jižní Irsko --- Southern Ireland --- Ейре --- Irlanda de Sud --- južné Írsko --- Etelä-Irlanti --- Ejre --- Airijos Respublika --- Pietų Airija --- Republica Irlanda --- Lõuna-Iirimaa --- Eire --- Irlanda Jugore --- Република Ирска --- Córcega --- Корзика --- Korsyka --- Corse --- Córsega --- Korzika --- Корсика --- Κορσική --- Korsika --- Catalunha --- Каталонија --- Katalonia --- Catalonien --- Catalogne --- Katalánsko --- Katalonien --- Katalonija --- Katalánie --- Καταλωνία --- Cataluña --- Catalonië --- Каталония --- Katalónia --- Kataloonia --- Catalogna --- Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña --- Komuniteti Autonom i Katalonisë --- den selvstyrende region Catalonien --- Автономна Заедница Каталонија --- Katalonian itsehallintoalue --- Autonome Region Katalonien --- Autonomous Community of Catalonia --- Comunità autonoma di Catalogna --- Communauté autonome de Catalogne --- Autonome Gemeenschap Catalonië --- Comunidade Autónoma da Catalunha --- Katalonijas autonomais apgabals --- Αυτόνομη κοινότητα της Καταλωνίας --- Kataloonia autonoomne piirkond --- Autonominė Katalonijos bendrija --- Catalunya --- autonoma regionen Katalonien --- Comunitatea Autonomă a Cataloniei --- Autonome Gemeinschaft Katalonien --- Katalónia Autonóm Közösség --- Χώρα των Βάσκων --- Баскија --- Baskerlandet --- Baskimaa --- Paese Basco --- País Basco --- Baskenland --- Basku zeme --- Kraj Basków --- vendet Baske --- Țara Bascilor --- Pays basque --- Baskija --- Baskicko --- Il-pajjiż Bask --- País Vasco --- Baskische provincies --- Baskien --- Baszkföld --- Страната на баските --- autonoma regionen Baskien --- Baskimaan itsehallintoalue --- Pais Vasco --- Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco --- Βασκικές επαρχίες --- автономна заедница на баскиската земја --- Komuniteti Autonom i Baskëve --- Communauté autonome du Pays basque --- Автономна Покраина Баскија --- Comunitatea Autonomă a Țării Bascilor --- Comunità autonoma del Paese Basco --- Autonome Gemeinschaft Baskenland --- Autonomous Community of the Basque country --- Autonome Region Baskenland --- Baszkföld Autonóm Közösség --- región Baskicko --- Basku zemes autonomais apgabals --- Baskimaa autonoomne piirkond --- Αυτόνομη κοινότητα της Χώρας των Βάσκων --- Comunidade Autónoma do País Basco --- den selvstyrende region Baskerlandet --- Autonominė Baskijos bendrija --- History. --- Europe --- Politics and government --- History

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The volume gives an overview on how legislators all over the world have come up with different legal solutions for governing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and food security and provides a compact summary of the existing regulations in this field. In a comparative legal approach, a general report analyses and compares these various national and supranational legal systems. It closely follows the newest developments at the interface between genetic engineering law and food law. The emergence of a new technology usually leads to fundamental questions as to how the law should respond to it. The regulation of genetically modified organisms is a prime example, they have been discussed controversially ever since they were subject of legislation and regulation. In particular, this applies to the use of GMOs in food production. There is a variety of interesting legislations and a differentiated width of legal frameworks on international, supranational (EU) and national level to be found. The different regulations that thereby came to light are evidence of the various opinions and policies the societies and states have developed on this matter. It is this variety of regulations the volume examines, primarily on the basis of national reports that were handed in concerning the topic of genetic technology and food security at the occasion of the XIX International Congress of Comparative Law.

Biomedical Engineering --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Food --- Comparative law. --- Biotechnology --- Safety measures. --- Comparative jurisprudence --- Comparative legislation --- Jurisprudence, Comparative --- Law, Comparative --- Legislation, Comparative --- Environmental law. --- International Environmental Law. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Environment law --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Law and legislation --- International environmental law. --- Environmental policy. --- Environment and state --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- International environmental law --- International law --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- Government policy --- food safety --- genetically modified organism --- comparative analysis --- environmental policy --- Germany --- Belgium --- Finland --- Italy --- Norway --- Ireland --- Switzerland --- America --- Canada --- Mexico --- Taiwan --- Macao --- organizëm i ndryshuar gjenetikisht --- genetički promijenjen organizam --- γενετικά τροποποιημένος οργανισμός --- organiżmu ġenetikament modifikat --- geneettisesti muunnettu organismi --- geneticky upravený organizmus --- генетично модифициран организъм --- organismo geneticamente modificato --- genetisch gemodificeerd organisme --- OGM --- genetiskt modifierad organism --- генетски модификован организам --- géntechnológiával módosított szervezet --- genetsko spremenjen organizem --- organisme génétiquement modifié --- organismo geneticamente modificado --- genetisk modificeret organisme --- genetisch veränderter Organismus --- genetiškai modifikuotas organizmas --- organism modificat genetic --- генетски модификуван организам --- geneticky modifikovaný organismus --- ģenētiski pārveidots organisms --- organismo genéticamente modificado --- geneetiliselt muundatud organism --- organizm genetycznie zmodyfikowany --- organzëm transgjenetik --- βιοτεχνολογική εφεύρεση --- ГМО --- biotechnologický vynález --- shpikje bioteknologjike --- biotechnologinis išradimas --- creación biotecnológica --- GVO --- gensplejset organisme --- invenção biotecnológica --- GGO --- organismo modificado genéticamente --- OMGJ --- GMO --- gentekniskt modifierad organism --- biotechnologische Erfindung --- genetiškai pakeistas organizmas --- organismos transgénicos --- genotyp --- organisme transgénique --- organism alterat genetic --- organismo transgenico --- génmanipulált szervezet --- invention biotechnologique --- invenție biotehnologică --- transgēns organisms --- διαγονιδιακός οργανισμός --- transgen organism --- biotechnologický objav --- transgēnu dzīvnieks --- geneetiliselt muudetud organism --- geneticky změněný organismus --- генетски модификувани микроорганизми --- gentechnisch veränderter Organismus --- ģenētiski modificēti augi --- ĢMO --- genetically altered organism --- bioteknologisk opfindelse --- organism transgenic --- biotechnologische uitvinding --- geneetiliselt modifitseeritud organism --- organismo geneticamente alterado --- genetički modificiran organizam --- genetikailag módosított szervezet --- transgenní organismus --- biotehnoloģisks izgudrojums --- GMSZ --- biotechnological invention --- ģenētiski modificēts organisms --- transgeninis organizmas --- bioteknisk uppfinning --- transzgenikus szervezet --- orgánach géinathraithe --- transgeenne organism --- geneticky pozměněný organismus --- biotehnoloogiline leiutis --- invenzione biotecnologica --- genetické upravovanie --- organismo transgénico --- biotekninen keksintö --- ГММ --- transgenic organism --- OMG --- ΓΤΟ --- transgeeninen organismi --- sicurezza degli alimenti --- bezpečnost potravin --- maisto sauga --- sábháilteacht bia --- bezpečnosť potravín --- varnost hrane --- voedselveiligheid --- siguri ushqimore --- bezpieczeństwo żywności --- безопасност на храните --- livsmedelssäkerhet --- elintarviketurvallisuus --- fødevaresikkerhed --- sécurité des aliments --- élelmiszer-biztonság --- sikurezza alimentari --- ασφάλεια των τροφίμων --- Lebensmittelsicherheit --- pārtikas nekaitīgums --- segurança dos alimentos --- sigurnost hrane --- toiduohutus --- безбедност хране --- seguridad de los alimentos --- siguranță alimentară --- безбедност на храната --- здравословност на храните --- tiesiski nesaistošie instrumenti --- sicurezza dell'alimentazione --- hygienická nezávadnosť potravín --- zdravotní nezávadnost potravin --- zdravotná nezávadnosť potravinových výrobkov --- veiligheid van voeding --- segurança da qualidade da alimentação --- inocuidade dos alimentos --- l-iġjene tal-prodotti tal-ikel --- nezávadnosť potravín --- seguridad cualitativa de la alimentación --- bezpieczeństwo produktów żywnościowych --- sécurité sanitaire des aliments --- salubridade dos produtos alimentares --- hygienická nezávadnost potravin --- veiligheid van levensmiddelen --- fødevarers sikkerhed --- ασφάλεια της ποιότητας των τροφίμων --- az élelmiszerek biztonsága --- безбедност на прехранбените производи --- υγιεινή των τροφίμων --- kopregulēšana --- salubridade dos alimentos --- toiduainete ohutus --- food product safety --- säkra livsmedel --- sigurnost prehrambenih proizvoda --- is-sikurezza tal-kwalità tal-ikel --- sikurezza tal-ikel --- toidu ohutus --- jakość i bezpieczeństwo żywności --- elintarvikkeiden turvallisuus --- maisto produktų sauga --- inocuidad de los alimentos --- ispravnosti namirnica --- segurança sanitária dos alimentos --- salubrità degli alimenti --- zdravstvena ispravnost hrane --- salubrité des aliments --- bezpieczeństwo sanitarne żywności --- segurança dos produtos alimentares --- siguria e ushqimit --- food quality safety --- siguranța calitativă a alimentelor --- veiligheid van voedsel --- siguranța alimentației --- pārtikas produktu nekaitīgums --- maisto produktų saugumas --- maisto produktų sveikumas --- salubritatea alimentelor --- υγιεινή των προΪόντων διατροφής --- безвредност на хранителните продукти --- innocuité des aliments --- хранителна безопасност --- is-sikurezza tal-prodotti tal-ikel --- безопасност на хранителните продукти --- maisto sanitarija --- salubritatea produselor alimentare --- Lebensmittelunschädlichkeit --- inocuidad de los productos alimenticios --- siguranța alimentelor --- inocuitatea alimentelor --- inocuidade dos produtos alimentares --- sicurezza dei prodotti alimentari --- varnost živil --- innocuité des produits alimentaires --- salubrité des produits alimentaires --- salubrità dei prodotti alimentari --- nezávadnost potravin --- zdravstvena ispravnost prehrambenih proizvoda --- hygienická nezávadnosť potravinových výrobkov --- Lebensmittelunbedenklichkeit --- pārtikas produktu higiēna --- ασφάλεια τροφίμων --- ασφάλεια των προϊόντων διατροφής --- turvalliset elintarvikkeet --- sécurité qualitative de l'alimentation --- salubridad de los productos alimenticios --- inocuitatea produselor alimentare --- veiligheid van voedingsmiddelen --- bezpieczeństwo produktów spożywczych --- sigurnost kvalitete hrane --- safety of food --- salubridad de los alimentos --- zdravotná nezávadnosť potravín --- pārtikas kvalitātes drošums --- sikkerhed for fødevarekvalitet --- brīvprātīga regulēšana --- Taiwán --- Ταϊβάν --- Тајван --- An Téaváin --- it-Tajwan --- Taïwan --- Taivāna --- Tajvan --- Taivanas --- Tajvani --- Tajwan --- Тайван --- Tchaj-wan --- República da China (Taiwan) --- Republiek China (Taiwan) --- República China (Taiwán) --- Republik China (Taiwan) --- Formoza --- Kínai Köztársaság (Tajvan) --- Republiken Kina (Taiwan) --- Republika Kina na Tajvanu --- Republika Kitajska (Tajvan) --- Ķīnas Republika (Taivāna) --- Formosa --- Kinijos Respublika (Taivanas) --- Republikken Kina (Taiwan) --- Poblacht na Síne (an Téaváin) --- Repubblica di Cina (Taiwan) --- Формоза --- Δημοκρατία της Κίνας (Ταϊβάν) --- Republica Chineză (Taiwan) --- ir-Repubblika taċ Ċina (it-Tajwan) --- Formóza --- Китайска република (Тайван) --- Čínská republika (Tchaj-wan) --- Republic of China (Taiwan) --- Čínska republika (Taiwan) --- Republika e Kinës --- République de Chine (Taïwan) --- Φορμόζα --- Republika Chi´nska (Tajwan) --- Formose --- Република Кина (Тајван) --- México --- Мексико --- Meksiko --- Messico --- Mehhiko --- Mexic --- Μεξικό --- il-Messiku --- Mexiko --- Mexikó --- Meksyk --- Meksika --- Mexique --- Mehika --- Meicsiceo --- Stati Uniti messicani --- Mehhiko Ühendriigid --- United Mexican States --- Shtetet e Bashkuara Meksikane --- l-Istati Uniti Messikani --- Estados Unidos Mexicanos --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες του Μεξικού --- Spojené státy mexické --- Statele Unite Mexicane --- Mexikói Egyesült Államok --- Mexikos förenta stater --- États-Unis du Mexique --- die Vereinigten Mexikanischen Staaten --- Meksikon yhdysvallat --- Meksikos Jungtinės Valstijos --- Meksykańskie Stany Zjednoczone --- Sjedinjene Meksičke Države --- États-Unis mexicains --- Združene mehiške države --- Verenigde Mexicaanse Staten --- De Forenede Mexicanske Stater --- Соединети Мексикански Држави --- Meksikas Savienotās Valstis --- Spojené štáty mexické --- Сједињене Мексичке Државе --- Мексикански съединени щати --- Kanada --- Канада --- Kanāda --- il-Kanada --- Ceanada --- Καναδάς --- Canadá --- Terre-Neuve --- Њуфаундленд --- Квебек --- Νέα Γη --- Nový Foundland --- Njufaundlend --- Niufaundlandas --- Terra Nova --- Κεμπέκ --- Terranova --- New-Foundland --- Quebec --- Kebeku --- Kvebekas --- Quebeque --- Új-Fundland --- Newfoundland --- Neufundland --- Québec --- Amerikka --- Ameryka --- América --- Ameerika --- Америка --- Amerika --- Amérique --- Αμερική --- Amerikos šalys --- Amerikan maat --- αμερικανικές χώρες --- país americano --- amerikanska länder --- americké krajiny --- vende amerikane --- americké státy --- American countries --- amerikai országok --- țări americane --- американски држави --- países da América --- país de América --- paesi americani --- Ameerika riigid --- Amerikaanse landen --- pays d'Amérique --- Länder Amerikas --- Svizzera --- Elveția --- Suisse --- Швајцарија --- Šveits --- Швајцарска --- Švajčiarsko --- Schweiz --- An Eilvéis --- Suiza --- Швейцария --- Švica --- Šveice --- Sveitsi --- Švicarska --- Zvicra --- die Schweiz --- Szwajcaria --- Švýcarsko --- Suíça --- Šveicarija --- Ελβετία --- Svájc --- Zwitserland --- Sveitsin valaliitto --- Švicarska konfederacija --- Šveicarijos Konfederacija --- Konfederata Helvetike --- Хелветска Конфедерација --- Confederação Helvética --- Хелвеција --- Confédération suisse --- Helveetsia --- Šveitsi Konföderatsioon --- Švajčiarska konfederácia --- Švicarska Konfederacija --- die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft --- Confederación Helvética --- Confederazione elvetica --- Šveices Savienība --- Schweiziska edsförbundet --- Ελβετική Συνομοσπονδία --- Confederazione svizzera --- Det Schweiziske Forbund --- Švýcarská konfederace --- Helvetic Confederation --- Svájci Államszövetség --- Конфедерация Швейцария --- Švýcarské spříseženectvo --- Swiss Confederation --- Švýcarská republika --- Швајцарска Конфедерација --- Konfederacja Szwajcarska --- Confederația Elvețiană --- Zwitserse Bondsstaat --- Konfederata Zvicerane --- Confédération helvétique --- Šveices Konfederācija --- Helvetische Confederatie --- Helvétská konfederace --- Confederação Suíça --- Írsko --- Ирска --- Irlanti --- Éire --- Irland --- Írország --- Īrija --- Ierland --- Irlande --- Ιρλανδία --- Irska --- Irlanda --- Iirimaa --- Ирландия --- Irsko --- Irlandia --- l-Irlanda --- Airija --- Republika Irska --- jižní Irsko --- Southern Ireland --- Ейре --- Irlanda de Sud --- južné Írsko --- Etelä-Irlanti --- Ejre --- Airijos Respublika --- Pietų Airija --- Republica Irlanda --- Lõuna-Iirimaa --- Eire --- Irlanda Jugore --- Република Ирска --- Норвешка --- Norja --- Norvégia --- in-Norveġja --- Норвегия --- Noorwegen --- Norvège --- Norwegia --- Norwegen --- Nórsko --- Norvegija --- Norvegjia --- Norvēģija --- Norvegia --- Νορβηγία --- Noruega --- Norra --- An Iorua --- Norge --- Norveška --- Norsko --- Кралство Норвегия --- Royaume de Norvège --- Norjan kuningaskunta --- Królestwo Norwegii --- Reino de Noruega --- Norra Kuningriik --- ir-Renju tan-Norveġja --- Kraljevina Norveška --- Norvég Királyság --- Kongeriget Norge --- Regno di Norvegia --- Nórske kráľovstvo --- Mbretëria e Norvegjisë --- Kingdom of Norway --- Кралство Норвешка --- Norvegijos Karalystė --- Краљевина Норвешка --- Norské království --- Koninkrijk Noorwegen --- das Königreich Norwegen --- Reino da Noruega --- Regatul Norvegiei --- Konungariket Norge --- Norvēģijas Karaliste --- Βασίλειο της Νορβηγίας --- Taliansko --- Itália --- Италија --- Italia --- Italien --- Włochy --- An Iodáil --- Itálie --- Itālija --- Ιταλία --- l-Italja --- Olaszország --- Italië --- Italie --- Itaalia --- Italija --- Италия --- Republika Włoska --- República Italiana --- Италианска република --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Republika e Italisë --- Talijanska Republika --- Italian Republic --- Itaalia Vabariik --- Italian tasavalta --- Repubblica italiana --- Itālijas Republika --- ir-Repubblika Taljana --- Italijos Respublika --- Republica Italiană --- Италијанска Република --- Italijanska republika --- Italská republika --- République italienne --- Talianska republika --- Република Италија --- Italiaanse Republiek --- die Italienische Republik --- Republiken Italien --- Den Italienske Republik --- Ιταλική Δημοκρατία --- An Fhionlainn --- Soome --- Suomija --- il-Finlandja --- Finlande --- Finlândia --- Finnland --- Fínsko --- Финландия --- Somija --- Suomi --- Φινλανδία --- Finsko --- Финска --- Finnország --- Finlanda --- Finlandia --- Finska --- Finn Köztársaság --- Suomijos Respublika --- Φιλλανδία --- République de Finlande --- Republika Finska --- Republica Finlanda --- Republiek Finland --- Република Финландия --- ir-Repubblika tal-Finlandja --- Suomen tasavalta --- Fínska republika --- Republika Finlandii --- Republika e Finlandës --- Finská republika --- República de Finlandia --- Republiken Finland --- Repubblica di Finlandia --- República da Finlândia --- Soome Vabariik --- Somijas Republika --- Republic of Finland --- Δημοκρατία της Φινλανδίας --- Republikken Finland --- die Republik Finnland --- Република Финска --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgique --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- België --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- Германија --- Германия --- Duitsland --- Tyskland --- Deutschland --- Γερμανία --- Nemčija --- Njemačka --- Germania --- Allemagne --- An Ghearmáin --- Nemecko --- Niemcy --- Saksa --- Vokietija --- Németország --- il-Ġermanja --- Vācija --- Saksamaa --- Alemanha --- Alemania --- Německo --- Gjermania --- Немачка --- spolkové Německo --- Сојузна Република Германија --- Federal Republic of Germany --- West-Duitsland --- Allemagne RF --- Vācijas Federatīvā Republika --- Alemanha do Oeste --- Bondsrepubliek Duitsland --- RFA --- Germania ovest --- NSR --- Germania federale --- RFT --- Alemanha Ocidental --- Västtyskland --- ir-Repubblika Federali tal-Ġermanja --- Repubblica federale di Germania --- RFN --- BR Deutschland --- Vakarų Vokietija --- Germania occidentale --- Németországi Szövetségi Köztársaság --- Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland --- SRN --- Saksamaa Liitvabariik --- západní Německo --- Repubblica federale tedesca --- Alemania Federal --- Ομοσπονδιακή Δημοκρατία της Γερμανίας --- Alemania Occidental --- Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland --- Alemanha RF --- ФРГ --- Republika Federalna Niemiec --- Савезна Република Немачка --- Gjermania Perëndimore --- Saksan liittotasavalta --- German Federal Republic --- Savezna Republika Njemačka --- Vokietijos Federacinė Respublika --- СРН --- PCG --- ΟΔΓ --- SLV --- Alemanha Federal --- Западна Немачка --- Länsi-Saksa --- Spolková republika Nemecko --- FRG --- Duitse Bondsrepubliek --- NSZK --- Westdeutschland --- República Federal de Alemania --- Nemecká spolková republika --- Allemagne de l'Ouest --- Poblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine --- Lääne-Saksamaa --- die Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Δυτική Γερμανία --- Alemania RF --- Allemagne fédérale --- Γερμανία ΟΔ --- Německá spolková republika --- VFR --- RFGJ --- República Federal da Alemanha --- západné Nemecko --- West Germany --- Vesttyskland --- Republica Federală Germania --- Федерална република Германия --- Zvezna republika Nemčija --- Západní Berlín --- BRD --- République fédérale d'Allemagne --- Ομοσπονδιακή Γερμανία --- Spolková republika Německo --- Republika Federale e Gjermanisë --- aplinkos politika --- vides politika --- milieubeleid --- Umweltpolitik --- keskkonnapoliitika --- política do ambiente --- екологична политика --- okoljska politika --- polityka ochrony środowiska --- politika ambjentali --- политика заштите животне средине --- politica mediului înconjurător --- politika životného prostredia --- környezetvédelmi politika --- miljöpolitik --- politique de l'environnement --- politika okoliša --- politica ambientale --- política de medio ambiente --- politikë mjedisore --- miljøpolitik --- περιβαλλοντική πολιτική --- политика за животна средина --- ympäristöpolitiikka --- environmentální politika --- miljøstyring --- starostlivosť o životné prostredie --- gestion de l'environnement --- política medioambiental --- gestione dell'ambiente --- política ambiental --- ochrana a tvorba životního prostředí --- upravljanje okolišem --- politica dell'ambiente --- menaxhim mjedisor --- ympäristöjohtaminen --- vides apsaimniekošana --- környezetpolitika --- miljöförvaltning --- Umweltpflege --- διαχείριση του περιβάλλοντος --- gospodarenje okolišem --- managementul mediului --- környezetgazdálkodás --- a környezet gondozása --- politika ochrany životního prostředí --- keskkonnajuhtimine --- politika na ochranu životního prostředí --- péče o životní prostředí --- gestión del medio ambiente --- politica in materia di ambiente --- environmental management --- aplinkos valdymas --- Umweltschutzpolitik --- gestão do ambiente --- milieubeheer --- vergelijkend onderzoek --- сравнителен анализ --- võrdlev analüüs --- összehasonlító elemzés --- análisis comparativo --- lyginamoji analizė --- analiżi komparattiva --- analisi comparativa --- споредбена анализа --- komparativní analýza --- sammenlignende analyse --- analiză comparativă --- упоредна анализа --- vertaileva analyysi --- vergleichender Test --- analizë krahasuese --- análise comparativa --- analiza porównawcza --- συγκριτική ανάλυση --- salīdzinošā analīze --- primerjalna analiza --- analyse comparative --- komparatívna analýza --- jämförande analys --- poredbena analiza --- összehasonlítás --- ricerca comparativa --- comparative assessment --- lyginamasis tyrimas --- évaluation comparative --- összehasonlító kutatás --- vlerësim krahasues --- comparație --- komparatívny výskum --- упоредно истраживање --- tqabbil --- komparativna analiza --- lyginimas --- evalwazzjoni komparattiva --- jämförande utvärdering --- vertaileva arviointi --- investigação comparativa --- сравнителна оценка --- paragone --- investigación comparativa --- упоређивање --- vergleichende Analyse --- kërkim krahasues --- riċerka komparattiva --- võrdlus --- сравнение --- evaluación comparativa --- srovnávací test --- vergleichende Forschung --- krahasim --- vergelijkende analyse --- vergleichende Methoden --- salīdzinošs novērtējums --- lyginamasis įvertinimas --- sammenligning --- srovnání --- võrdlev hindamine --- összehasonlító értékelés --- võrdlusanalüüs --- poredbeno istraživanje --- συγκριτική έρευνα --- primerjalna ocena --- σύγκριση --- ocena porównawcza --- revision och utvärdering --- sammenlignende vurdering --- jämförelse --- srovnávací posouzení --- porównanie --- comparative research --- pesquisa comparativa --- srovnávací výzkum --- komparativ forskning --- búsqueda comparativa --- prestatiebeoordeling --- comparison --- vertailuanalyysi --- méthode comparative --- komparatívne hodnotenie --- cercetare comparativă --- comparação --- vergelijking --- primerjalne raziskave --- badania porównawcze --- упоредна оцена --- comparaison --- Vergleich --- vertailu --- võrdlev uurimine --- evaluare comparativă --- jämförande forskning --- komparácia --- valutazione comparativa --- srovnávací analýza --- comparación --- sammenlignende forskning --- recherche comparative --- salīdzinājums --- vergleichende Bewertung --- компаративна анализа --- vertailututkimus --- primerjava --- Il-Makaw --- Μακάο --- Makaó --- Makau --- Makao --- Macau --- Макао --- Ķīnas Tautas Republikas Makao Īpašās pārvaldes apgabals --- il-Makaw SAR --- Hiina Rahvavabariigi Macau erihalduspiirkond --- Macao (China) --- die Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau der Volksrepublik China --- Speciale Administratieve Regio Macau --- RAE de Macau --- Специален административен район на Китайската народна република Макао --- SAR Macau --- Macao (Kina) --- Makaó (Kína) --- Folkerepublikken Kina Særlige Administrative Område Macao --- ΕΔΠ του Μακάο --- Макао (Китай) --- Rajoni i Posaçëm Administrativ i Makaos --- Makaó KKT --- Kiinan kansantasavallan erityishallintoalue Macao --- Regione amministrativa speciale di Macao della Repubblica Popolare Cinese --- Ειδική Διοικητική Περιοχή Μακάο της Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας --- Hiina Rahvavabariigi Aomeni erihalduspiirkond --- Makao (Ķīna) --- Makao īpašās pārvaldes apgabals --- Reġjun Amministrattiv Speċjali ta' Macau tar-Repubblika tal-Popolari taċ-Ċina --- ειδική διοικητική περιοχή του Μακάο --- Det Særlige Administrative Område Macao --- Macau (China) --- Makau (Chiny) --- Regiunea administrativă specială Macao a Republicii Populare Chineze --- Sainréigiún Riaracháin Macao --- Makao (Kinija) --- RAS Macao --- Посебна управна област НР Кине Макао --- Osobitná administratívna oblasť Macao Čínskej ľudovej republikyo --- Región Administrativa Especial de Macao --- RPA-ja e Makaos --- il-Makaw (iċ-Ċina) --- Macao (Čína) --- САР Макао --- Macao (Cina) --- Macau (Hiina) --- Μακάο (Κίνα) --- Región Administrativa Especial de Macao de la República Popular China --- Макао (Кина) --- Macao (Chine) --- A Kínai Népköztársaság Makaói Különleges Közigazgatási Területe --- Macao Special Administrative Region --- den särskilda administrativa regionen Macao --- Zvláštní administrativní oblast Macao --- Regiunea Administrativă Specială Macao --- ir-Reġjun Amministrattiv Speċjali tal-Makaw --- Specjalny Region Administracyjny Makau Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej --- Posebno upravno območje Ljudske republike Kitajske Macao --- Regione amministrativa speciale di Macao --- Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China --- Folkrepubliken Kinas särskilda administrativa region Macao --- RAS de Macao --- Speciale Administratieve Regio Macau van de Volksrepubliek China --- Posebno upravno območje --- Ypatingasis Administracinis Kinijos Regionas Makao --- RAS di Macao --- Специјален Автономен Регион Макао --- Macao (Kitajska) --- Zvláštní administrativní oblast Číny Macao --- die Sonderverwaltungsregion Macau --- Região Administrativa Especial de Macau --- ПАР Макао --- Полуостров Макао --- OAO Macao --- Zvláštní administrativní oblast Čínské lidové republiky Macao --- région administrative spéciale de Macao de la République populaire de Chine --- Aomiņa --- Macaon erityishallintoalue --- Makaó Különleges Közigazgatási Terület --- Macao SAR --- Макао Специјална Административна Регија Народне Републике Кине --- Specjalny Region Administracyjny Makau --- Osobitná administratívna oblasť Macao --- Posebna upravna regija Makao --- Macao (Kiina) --- Aomen --- Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China --- RAE de Macao --- région administrative spéciale de Macao --- PUO Macao --- Посебен Автономен Регион Макао --- ZAO Macao --- orgánach géinmhodhnaithe --- Meiriceá --- beartas comhshaoil --- anailís chomparáideach --- valutazione analitica