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This book is composed of selected papers presented at IWIFSGN'2019—The Eighteenth International Workshop on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Generalized Nets—held on October 24–25, 2019, in Warsaw, Poland, which is one of the main conferences on fuzzy logic, notably on extensions of the traditional fuzzy sets, in particular on the intuitionistic fuzzy sets. A considerable part of the conference sessions is also concerned with recent developments and challenges in the theory and applications of other topics exemplified by uncertainty, incompleteness and imprecision modeling, the Generalized Nets (GNs), a powerful extension of the traditional Petri net paradigm, and the InterCriteria Analysis, a new method for the feature selection and analyses in multicriteria and multiattribute decision-making problems. Some more general problems of computational and artificial intelligence, exemplified by evolutionary computations, machine learning, etc., are also dealt with. The papers included yield a good perspective on all of these important issues and problems.

Fuzzy logic --- Fuzzy logic. --- Nonlinear logic --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Fuzzy systems --- Lògica difusa --- Lògica borrosa --- Lògica no lineal --- Lògica matemàtica --- Conjunts borrosos --- Sistemes borrosos --- Computational intelligence. --- Engineering—Data processing. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Data Engineering. --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing

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Professor Merrie Bergmann presents an accessible introduction to the subject of many-valued and fuzzy logic designed for use on undergraduate and graduate courses in non-classical logic. Bergmann discusses the philosophical issues that give rise to fuzzy logic - problems arising from vague language - and returns to those issues as logical systems are presented. For historical and pedagogical reasons, three-valued logical systems are presented as useful intermediate systems for studying the principles and theory behind fuzzy logic. The major fuzzy logical systems - Lukasiewicz, Gödel, and product logics - are then presented as generalisations of three-valued systems that successfully address the problems of vagueness. A clear presentation of technical concepts, this book includes exercises throughout the text that pose straightforward problems, that ask students to continue proofs begun in the text, and that engage students in the comparison of logical systems.

Fuzzy logic. --- Many-valued logic. --- Logic, Many-valued --- Logic, Multivalued --- Logic, Variable-valued --- Multivalued logic --- Variable-valued logic --- Nonclassical mathematical logic --- Values --- Nonlinear logic --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Fuzzy systems --- Lògica borrosa --- Lògica multivalent --- Lògica de diversos valors --- Lògica plurivalent --- Lògica polivalent --- Lògica difusa --- Lògica no lineal --- Lògica matemàtica --- Conjunts borrosos --- Sistemes borrosos --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy --- Logique --- Logique floue --- Logique multivalente --- 20e siècle

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Mathematical logic --- Philosophy of science --- Logic --- Mathematics --- Computer science --- Computer. Automation --- informatica --- wetenschapsfilosofie --- wiskunde --- logica --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Lògica matemàtica --- Lògica formal --- Lògica simbòlica --- Lògica simbòlica i matemàtica --- Lògica universal --- Logística (Filosofia) --- Matemàtica --- Atzar --- Càlcul lambda --- Categories (Matemàtica) --- Decidibilitat (Lògica matemàtica) --- Funcions recursives --- Independència (Matemàtica) --- Lògica algebraica --- Lògica borrosa --- Lògica combinatòria --- Lògica de primer ordre --- Lògica informàtica --- Matemàtica constructiva --- Metodologia de la ciència --- Nombres cardinals --- Pragmàtica (Lingüística) --- Probabilitats --- Semàntica (Filosofia) --- Teoria axiomàtica de conjunts --- Teorema de Gödel --- Teoria de la commutació --- Teoria de la prova --- Teoria de la recursió --- Teoria de màquines --- Teoria de models --- Teoria de tipus --- Àlgebra abstracta --- Metamatemàtica --- Programació lògica --- Sil·logisme --- Teoria de conjunts --- Lògica difusa

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Lògica matemàtica --- Teoria de models --- Anàlisi matemàtica no-estàndard --- Forcing (Teoria de models) --- Lògica formal --- Lògica simbòlica --- Lògica simbòlica i matemàtica --- Lògica universal --- Logística (Filosofia) --- Matemàtica --- Atzar --- Càlcul lambda --- Categories (Matemàtica) --- Decidibilitat (Lògica matemàtica) --- Funcions recursives --- Independència (Matemàtica) --- Lògica algebraica --- Lògica borrosa --- Lògica combinatòria --- Lògica de primer ordre --- Lògica informàtica --- Matemàtica constructiva --- Metodologia de la ciència --- Nombres cardinals --- Pragmàtica (Lingüística) --- Probabilitats --- Semàntica (Filosofia) --- Teoria axiomàtica de conjunts --- Teorema de Gödel --- Teoria de la commutació --- Teoria de la prova --- Teoria de la recursió --- Teoria de màquines --- Teoria de tipus --- Àlgebra abstracta --- Metamatemàtica --- Programació lògica --- Sil·logisme --- Teoria de conjunts --- Model theory. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical

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This textbook introduces first-order logic and its role in the foundations of mathematics by examining fundamental questions. What is a mathematical proof? How can mathematical proofs be justified? Are there limitations to provability? To what extent can machines carry out mathematical proofs? In answering these questions, this textbook explores the capabilities and limitations of algorithms and proof methods in mathematics and computer science. The chapters are carefully organized, featuring complete proofs and numerous examples throughout. Beginning with motivating examples, the book goes on to present the syntax and semantics of first-order logic. After providing a sequent calculus for this logic, a Henkin-type proof of the completeness theorem is given. These introductory chapters prepare the reader for the advanced topics that follow, such as Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, Trakhtenbrot's undecidability theorem, Lindström's theorems on the maximality of first-order logic, and results linking logic with automata theory. This new edition features many modernizations, as well as two additional important results: The decidability of Presburger arithmetic, and the decidability of the weak monadic theory of the successor function. Mathematical Logic is ideal for students beginning their studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics. Although the primary audience for this textbook will be graduate students or advanced undergraduates in mathematics or computer science, in fact the book has few formal prerequisites. It demands of the reader only mathematical maturity and experience with basic abstract structures, such as those encountered in discrete mathematics or algebra.

Mathematics. --- Predicate calculus. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Calculus, Predicate --- Quantification theory --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Math --- Science --- Càlcul --- Lògica matemàtica --- Lògica formal --- Lògica simbòlica --- Lògica simbòlica i matemàtica --- Lògica universal --- Logística (Filosofia) --- Matemàtica --- Atzar --- Càlcul lambda --- Categories (Matemàtica) --- Decidibilitat (Lògica matemàtica) --- Funcions recursives --- Independència (Matemàtica) --- Lògica algebraica --- Lògica borrosa --- Lògica combinatòria --- Lògica de primer ordre --- Lògica informàtica --- Matemàtica constructiva --- Metodologia de la ciència --- Nombres cardinals --- Pragmàtica (Lingüística) --- Probabilitats --- Semàntica (Filosofia) --- Teoria axiomàtica de conjunts --- Teorema de Gödel --- Teoria de la commutació --- Teoria de la prova --- Teoria de la recursió --- Teoria de màquines --- Teoria de models --- Teoria de tipus --- Àlgebra abstracta --- Metamatemàtica --- Programació lògica --- Sil·logisme --- Teoria de conjunts --- Càlcul infinitesimal --- Límits (Matemàtica) --- Aritmètica --- Anàlisi harmònica --- Anàlisi p-àdica --- Càlcul diferencial --- Càlcul fraccional --- Càlcul mental --- Corbes --- Curvatura --- Equacions diferencials --- Sèries de Fourier --- Superfícies (Matemàtica) --- Teories no lineals --- Anàlisi matemàtica --- Concepte de nombre --- Funcions --- Geometria infinitesimal --- Mètode ABN --- Numeració --- Lògica difusa --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer science --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Mathematics of Computing. --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing