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Spent reactor fuels. --- Krypton --- Isotopes.

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In this first full-scale attempt to reconstruct the chemical evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, Heinrich Holland assembles data from a wide spectrum of fields to trace the history of the ocean-atmosphere system. A pioneer in an increasingly important area of scholarship, he presents a comprehensive treatment of knowledge on this subject, provides an extensive bibliography, and outlines problems and approaches for further research.The first four chapters deal with the turbulent first half billion years of Earth history. The next four chapters, devoted largely to the Earth from 3.9 to 0.6 b.y.b.p., demonstrate that changes in the atmosphere and oceans during this period were not dramatic. The last chapter of the book deals with the Phanerozoic Eon; although the isotopic composition of sulfur and strontium in seawater varied greatly during this period of Earth history, the chemical composition of seawater did not.

Atmospheric chemistry. --- Chemical oceanography. --- Molecular evolution. --- Achondrites. --- Albian. --- Aluminum. --- Anhydrite. --- Ankerite. --- Banded iron formations. --- Bicarbonate. --- Biotite. --- Calcite. --- Carbon. --- Carbonate sediments. --- Devonian. --- Diagenesis. --- Dolomitization. --- Evaporites. --- Ferric oxide. --- Graphite. --- Halite. --- Hydrogen. --- Igneous rocks. --- Jasper. --- Jurassic. --- Krypton. --- Lithium. --- Magnesium. --- Marine sediments. --- Metamorphism. --- Mid-ocean ridges. --- Nitric acid. --- North American Platform. --- Organic carbon. --- Oxidation reactions. --- Paleosols. --- Phanerozoic. --- Precambrian. --- Proterozoic. --- Quartz. --- Rare gases. --- Russian Platform. --- Sedimentary rocks. --- Tertiary.

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The interaction of ionising radiation with atomic and/or molecular ions is a fundamental process in nature, with implications for the understanding of many laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. At short wavelengths, the photon–ion interactions lead to inner-shell and multiple electron excitations, leading to demands on appropriate laboratory developments of sources and detectors and requiring advanced theoretical treatments which take into account many-body electron-correlation effects. This book includes a range of papers based on different short wavelength photon sources including recent facility and instrumental developments. Topics include experimental photoabsorption studies with laser-produced plasmas and photoionization of atomic and molecular ions with synchrotron and FEL sources, including modifications of a cylindrical mirror analyzer for high efficiency photoelectron spectroscopy on ion beams. Theoretical investigations include the effects of FEL fluctuations on autoionization line shapes, multiple sequential ionization by intense fs XUV pulses, photoelectron angular distributions for non-resonant two-photon ionization, inner-shell photodetachment of Na- and spin-polarized fluxes from fullerene anions.

Research & information: general --- 2s2p --- Lithium-ion --- auto-ionization --- free electron laser --- stochastic average --- time dependent density matrix --- photoionization --- multiple ionization --- many-electron processes --- absolute cross sections --- synchrotron radiation --- collisional-radiative model --- laser-produced plasma, ion distribution --- ionization bottleneck --- radiative recombination --- collisional ioniztion --- three-body recombination --- nonlinear photoionization --- nonlinear interaction --- Cooper minimum --- angular distributions --- atomic ions --- dual-laser plasma technique --- photodetachment --- inner-shell phenomena --- electron spectroscopy --- ion beam --- spin-polarization --- fullerene anions --- endohedral fullerene anions --- NH+ --- molecular ion --- K-shell --- merged-beam --- Pb-Sn alloys --- EUV emission of high Z materials --- collisional radiative model --- Cowan suite of Codes --- ions --- free-electron laser --- krypton --- femtosecond pulses --- photoelectron spectroscopy --- atomic data --- inner-shell photoionization --- atomic nitrogen ion --- 2s2p --- Lithium-ion --- auto-ionization --- free electron laser --- stochastic average --- time dependent density matrix --- photoionization --- multiple ionization --- many-electron processes --- absolute cross sections --- synchrotron radiation --- collisional-radiative model --- laser-produced plasma, ion distribution --- ionization bottleneck --- radiative recombination --- collisional ioniztion --- three-body recombination --- nonlinear photoionization --- nonlinear interaction --- Cooper minimum --- angular distributions --- atomic ions --- dual-laser plasma technique --- photodetachment --- inner-shell phenomena --- electron spectroscopy --- ion beam --- spin-polarization --- fullerene anions --- endohedral fullerene anions --- NH+ --- molecular ion --- K-shell --- merged-beam --- Pb-Sn alloys --- EUV emission of high Z materials --- collisional radiative model --- Cowan suite of Codes --- ions --- free-electron laser --- krypton --- femtosecond pulses --- photoelectron spectroscopy --- atomic data --- inner-shell photoionization --- atomic nitrogen ion