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Causation. --- Kausalitet.

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Head hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer? Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates? According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy. Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption offresh fruit and vegetables? Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such questions of immense current concern not just to pholosphers but to scientists, governments, public bodies, and the general public.

Philosophy of science --- Science --- Causation --- Causality --- Philosophy --- Causation. --- Causality. --- Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten --- Kausalität --- Vetenskapsteori. --- Kausalitet. --- Philosophy. --- Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten. --- Kausalität. --- Filosofía --- Causalidad --- Science - Philosophy --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Normal science