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This book discusses some aspects of the theory of partial differential equations from the viewpoint of probability theory. It is intended not only for specialists in partial differential equations or probability theory but also for specialists in asymptotic methods and in functional analysis. It is also of interest to physicists who use functional integrals in their research. The work contains results that have not previously appeared in book form, including research contributions of the author.

Partial differential equations --- Differential equations, Partial. --- Probabilities. --- Integration, Functional. --- Functional integration --- Functional analysis --- Integrals, Generalized --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- A priori estimate. --- Absolute continuity. --- Almost surely. --- Analytic continuation. --- Axiom. --- Big O notation. --- Boundary (topology). --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded function. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy problem. --- Central limit theorem. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Chebyshev's inequality. --- Coefficient. --- Comparison theorem. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Convergence of random variables. --- Cylinder set. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Derivative. --- Differential equation. --- Differential operator. --- Diffusion equation. --- Diffusion process. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Direct method in the calculus of variations. --- Dirichlet boundary condition. --- Dirichlet problem. --- Eigenfunction. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic operator. --- Elliptic partial differential equation. --- Equation. --- Existence theorem. --- Exponential function. --- Feynman–Kac formula. --- Fokker–Planck equation. --- Function space. --- Functional analysis. --- Fundamental solution. --- Gaussian measure. --- Girsanov theorem. --- Hessian matrix. --- Hölder condition. --- Independence (probability theory). --- Integral curve. --- Integral equation. --- Invariant measure. --- Iterated logarithm. --- Itô's lemma. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Laplace operator. --- Laplace's equation. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Limit (mathematics). --- Limit cycle. --- Limit point. --- Linear differential equation. --- Linear map. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Markov chain. --- Markov process. --- Markov property. --- Maximum principle. --- Mean value theorem. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Modulus of continuity. --- Moment (mathematics). --- Monotonic function. --- Navier–Stokes equations. --- Nonlinear system. --- Ordinary differential equation. --- Parameter. --- Partial differential equation. --- Periodic function. --- Poisson kernel. --- Probabilistic method. --- Probability space. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Random function. --- Regularization (mathematics). --- Schrödinger equation. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simultaneous equations. --- Smoothness. --- State-space representation. --- Stochastic calculus. --- Stochastic differential equation. --- Stochastic. --- Support (mathematics). --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Uniqueness theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Weak convergence (Hilbert space). --- Wiener process.

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This book describes the theory and applications of discrete orthogonal polynomials--polynomials that are orthogonal on a finite set. Unlike other books, Discrete Orthogonal Polynomials addresses completely general weight functions and presents a new methodology for handling the discrete weights case. J. Baik, T. Kriecherbauer, K. T.-R. McLaughlin & P. D. Miller focus on asymptotic aspects of general, nonclassical discrete orthogonal polynomials and set out applications of current interest. Topics covered include the probability theory of discrete orthogonal polynomial ensembles and the continuum limit of the Toda lattice. The primary concern throughout is the asymptotic behavior of discrete orthogonal polynomials for general, nonclassical measures, in the joint limit where the degree increases as some fraction of the total number of points of collocation. The book formulates the orthogonality conditions defining these polynomials as a kind of Riemann-Hilbert problem and then generalizes the steepest descent method for such a problem to carry out the necessary asymptotic analysis.

Orthogonal polynomials --- Asymptotic theory --- Orthogonal polynomials -- Asymptotic theory. --- Polynomials. --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Operations Research --- Asymptotic theory. --- Asymptotic theory of orthogonal polynomials --- Algebra --- Airy function. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Ansatz. --- Approximation error. --- Approximation theory. --- Asymptote. --- Asymptotic analysis. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Asymptotic formula. --- Beta function. --- Boundary value problem. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy's integral formula. --- Cauchy–Riemann equations. --- Change of variables. --- Complex number. --- Complex plane. --- Correlation function. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Determinant. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Discrete measure. --- Distribution function. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Factorization. --- Fredholm determinant. --- Functional derivative. --- Gamma function. --- Gradient descent. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hermitian matrix. --- Homotopy. --- Hypergeometric function. --- I0. --- Identity matrix. --- Inequality (mathematics). --- Integrable system. --- Invariant measure. --- Inverse scattering transform. --- Invertible matrix. --- Jacobi matrix. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Lagrange multiplier. --- Lax equivalence theorem. --- Limit (mathematics). --- Linear programming. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Matrix function. --- Maxima and minima. --- Monic polynomial. --- Monotonic function. --- Morera's theorem. --- Neumann series. --- Number line. --- Orthogonal polynomials. --- Orthogonality. --- Orthogonalization. --- Parameter. --- Parametrix. --- Pauli matrices. --- Pointwise convergence. --- Pointwise. --- Polynomial. --- Potential theory. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability measure. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Proportionality (mathematics). --- Quantity. --- Random matrix. --- Random variable. --- Rate of convergence. --- Rectangle. --- Rhombus. --- Riemann surface. --- Special case. --- Spectral theory. --- Statistic. --- Subset. --- Theorem. --- Toda lattice. --- Trace (linear algebra). --- Trace class. --- Transition point. --- Triangular matrix. --- Trigonometric functions. --- Uniform continuity. --- Unit vector. --- Upper and lower bounds. --- Upper half-plane. --- Variational inequality. --- Weak solution. --- Weight function. --- Wishart distribution. --- Orthogonal polynomials - Asymptotic theory

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Encompassing both introductory and more advanced research material, these notes deal with the author's contributions to stochastic processes and focus on Brownian motion processes and its derivative white noise.Originally published in 1970.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Stationary processes --- Stationary processes. --- Stochastic processes --- 519.216 --- 519.216 Stochastic processes in general. Prediction theory. Stopping times. Martingales --- Stochastic processes in general. Prediction theory. Stopping times. Martingales --- Bochner integral. --- Bochner's theorem. --- Bounded operator. --- Bounded variation. --- Brownian motion. --- Characteristic exponent. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Complexification. --- Compound Poisson process. --- Computation. --- Conditional expectation. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Continuous linear operator. --- Convergence of random variables. --- Coset. --- Covariance function. --- Cyclic subspace. --- Cylinder set. --- Degrees of freedom (statistics). --- Derivative. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dirac delta function. --- Discrete spectrum. --- Distribution function. --- Dual space. --- Eigenfunction. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential distribution. --- Exponential function. --- Finite difference. --- Fourier series. --- Fourier transform. --- Function (mathematics). --- Function space. --- Gaussian measure. --- Gaussian process. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hermite polynomials. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeomorphism. --- Independence (probability theory). --- Independent and identically distributed random variables. --- Indicator function. --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral equation. --- Isometry. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Langevin equation. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Lie algebra. --- Limit superior and limit inferior. --- Linear combination. --- Linear function. --- Linear interpolation. --- Linear subspace. --- Mean squared error. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Monotonic function. --- Normal distribution. --- Normal subgroup. --- Nuclear space. --- One-parameter group. --- Orthogonality. --- Orthogonalization. --- Parameter. --- Poisson point process. --- Polynomial. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability measure. --- Probability space. --- Probability. --- Projective linear group. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Random function. --- Random variable. --- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Self-adjoint. --- Semigroup. --- Shift operator. --- Special case. --- Stable process. --- Stationary process. --- Stochastic differential equation. --- Stochastic process. --- Stochastic. --- Subgroup. --- Summation. --- Symmetrization. --- Theorem. --- Transformation semigroup. --- Unitary operator. --- Unitary representation. --- Unitary transformation. --- Variance. --- White noise. --- Zero element.

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Kiyosi Itô's greatest contribution to probability theory may be his introduction of stochastic differential equations to explain the Kolmogorov-Feller theory of Markov processes. Starting with the geometric ideas that guided him, this book gives an account of Itô's program. The modern theory of Markov processes was initiated by A. N. Kolmogorov. However, Kolmogorov's approach was too analytic to reveal the probabilistic foundations on which it rests. In particular, it hides the central role played by the simplest Markov processes: those with independent, identically distributed increments. To remedy this defect, Itô interpreted Kolmogorov's famous forward equation as an equation that describes the integral curve of a vector field on the space of probability measures. Thus, in order to show how Itô's thinking leads to his theory of stochastic integral equations, Stroock begins with an account of integral curves on the space of probability measures and then arrives at stochastic integral equations when he moves to a pathspace setting. In the first half of the book, everything is done in the context of general independent increment processes and without explicit use of Itô's stochastic integral calculus. In the second half, the author provides a systematic development of Itô's theory of stochastic integration: first for Brownian motion and then for continuous martingales. The final chapter presents Stratonovich's variation on Itô's theme and ends with an application to the characterization of the paths on which a diffusion is supported. The book should be accessible to readers who have mastered the essentials of modern probability theory and should provide such readers with a reasonably thorough introduction to continuous-time, stochastic processes.

Markov processes. --- Stochastic difference equations. --- Itō, Kiyosi, --- Analysis, Markov --- Chains, Markov --- Markoff processes --- Markov analysis --- Markov chains --- Markov models --- Models, Markov --- Processes, Markov --- Itō, K. --- Ito, Kiesi, --- Itō, Kiyoshi, --- 伊藤淸, --- 伊藤清, --- Itō, Kiyosi, --- Itō, Kiyosi, 1915-2008. --- Stochastic difference equations --- Difference equations --- Stochastic processes --- Abelian group. --- Addition. --- Analytic function. --- Approximation. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Bounded variation. --- Brownian motion. --- Central limit theorem. --- Change of variables. --- Coefficient. --- Complete metric space. --- Compound Poisson process. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Convergence of measures. --- Convex function. --- Coordinate system. --- Corollary. --- David Hilbert. --- Decomposition theorem. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Derivative. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable function. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential equation. --- Differential geometry. --- Dimension. --- Directional derivative. --- Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem. --- Duality principle. --- Elliptic operator. --- Equation. --- Euclidean space. --- Existential quantification. --- Fourier transform. --- Function space. --- Functional analysis. --- Fundamental solution. --- Fundamental theorem of calculus. --- Homeomorphism. --- Hölder's inequality. --- Initial condition. --- Integral curve. --- Integral equation. --- Integration by parts. --- Invariant measure. --- Itô calculus. --- Itô's lemma. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear interpolation. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Local martingale. --- Logarithm. --- Markov chain. --- Markov process. --- Markov property. --- Martingale (probability theory). --- Normal distribution. --- Ordinary differential equation. --- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. --- Polynomial. --- Principal part. --- Probability measure. --- Probability space. --- Probability theory. --- Pseudo-differential operator. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Representation theorem. --- Riemann integral. --- Riemann sum. --- Riemann–Stieltjes integral. --- Scientific notation. --- Semimartingale. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Special case. --- Spectral sequence. --- Spectral theory. --- State space. --- State-space representation. --- Step function. --- Stochastic calculus. --- Stochastic. --- Stratonovich integral. --- Submanifold. --- Support (mathematics). --- Tangent space. --- Tangent vector. --- Taylor's theorem. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Topological space. --- Topology. --- Translational symmetry. --- Uniform convergence. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector field. --- Weak convergence (Hilbert space). --- Weak topology.

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An outrageous graphic novel that investigates key concepts in mathematicsIntegers and permutations-two of the most basic mathematical objects-are born of different fields and analyzed with different techniques. Yet when the Mathematical Sciences Investigation team of crack forensic mathematicians, led by Professor Gauss, begins its autopsies of the victims of two seemingly unrelated homicides, Arnie Integer and Daisy Permutation, they discover the most extraordinary similarities between the structures of each body.Prime Suspects is a graphic novel that takes you on a voyage of forensic discovery, exploring some of the most fundamental ideas in mathematics.Travel with Detective von Neumann as he leaves no clue unturned, from shepherds' huts in the Pyrenees to secret societies in the cafés of Paris, from the hidden codes in the music of the stones to the grisly discoveries in Finite Fields. Tremble at the ferocity of the believers in deep and rigid abstraction. Feel the pain as you work with our young heroine, Emmy Germain, as she blazes a trail for women in mathematical research and learns from Professor Gauss, the greatest forensic detective of them all.Beautifully drawn and wittily and exquisitely detailed, Prime Suspects is unique, astonishing, and outrageous-a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to experience mathematics like never before.

Mathematics --- Math --- Science --- Accuracy and precision. --- Alan Turing. --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Analytic number theory. --- Anatoly Vershik. --- Arithmetic. --- Atle Selberg. --- Ben Green (mathematician). --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Bessel function. --- Big O notation. --- Binary logarithm. --- Bryna Kra. --- Calculation. --- Child prodigy. --- Coefficient. --- Comic book. --- Conjecture. --- Coprime integers. --- Cryptography. --- David Hilbert. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Diophantine geometry. --- Diophantus. --- Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. --- Emil Artin. --- Emmy Noether. --- Enrico Bombieri. --- Erica Klarreich. --- Felix Klein. --- Fermat's Last Theorem. --- Fields Medal. --- Friedrich Bessel. --- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic. --- Gamma function. --- Gauss sum. --- Gelfand. --- Grigori Perelman. --- Henri Cartan. --- Hermann Weyl. --- Hilbert's tenth problem. --- Integer. --- Jean-Pierre Serre. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Julia Robinson. --- Keith Devlin. --- Klaus Roth. --- Kloosterman sum. --- Language of mathematics. --- Logarithm. --- Log-log plot. --- Manjul Bhargava. --- Maryam Mirzakhani. --- Mathematical problem. --- Mathematical sciences. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Men of Mathematics. --- Millennium Prize Problems. --- Modular form. --- Monic polynomial. --- Multiplication table. --- Natural logarithm. --- Natural number. --- Nicolas Bourbaki. --- Normal distribution. --- Number theory. --- Occam's razor. --- Oswald Veblen. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Permutation. --- Persi Diaconis. --- Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. --- Peter Scholze. --- Pierre Deligne. --- Pierre Samuel. --- Plus-minus sign. --- Poisson distribution. --- Polynomial. --- Prime factor. --- Prime number. --- Prime power. --- Probability theory. --- Proportionality (mathematics). --- Pure mathematics. --- Random permutation. --- Richard Dedekind. --- Riemann hypothesis. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemann zeta function. --- Robin Hartshorne. --- Saunders Mac Lane. --- Serge Lang. --- Shinichi Mochizuki. --- Siegel zero. --- Sieve theory. --- Sophie Germain. --- Stirling numbers of the first kind. --- Summation. --- Variable (mathematics).