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By the mid-19th century, when Japan was still largely closed to the West, smallpox epidemics had killed an estimated ten percent of the Japanese population. This text details the appalling cost of Japan's almost 300 year isolation and examines in depth a nation on the cusp of political and social upheaval.

Smallpox vaccine --- Smallpox --- J7000.70 --- J7018.60 --- J7900 --- J7910 --- Small pox --- Variola --- Varioloid --- Poxvirus diseases --- Viral vaccines --- History --- Vaccination --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kindai (1850s- ), bakumatsu, Meiji, Taishō --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- public health and general hygiene --- History.

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Medicine --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- History. --- Japan --- History --- Netherlands --- J7900 --- J7018.60 --- J7000.60 --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- history -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Health Workforce --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867)

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Medicine --- Physicians, Foreign --- History of medicine, 19th cent --- History --- History, 19th Century --- History of Medicine --- J7900 --- J7000.70 --- J7000.60 --- J7018.60 --- Medicine, History --- History Medicines --- Medicine Histories --- Medicines, History --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- Foreign medical graduates --- Foreign physicians --- Foreign-trained physicians --- Medical personnel, Foreign --- Health Workforce --- Japan: Science and technology -- medical science -- general and history --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kindai (1850s- ), bakumatsu, Meiji, Taishō --- Japan: Science and technology -- history -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- medical science --- history