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“NATO exists for peace by collective security”. This quote by Lord Ismay, the first Secretary General of NATO, encapsulates the central purpose of the Alliance, which has been directly tasked with preserving the peace in Europe for over 60 years, longer than any other organisation on the continent. Hence, today’s considerations on the future of NATO, its policies and capabilities, are in fact tantamount to deliberations on the future of European peace and on how to maintain it. At the same time, answers to pressing threats and challenges are urgently sought, as the European security environment is undergoing a structural change. This transformation is primarily characterised by rapid developments and significant interconnections between multiple threats of a military, asymmetric and non-military nature. After Russia forcibly annexed Crimea and then intervened militarily in eastern Ukraine, military aggression, considered a remote threat for the last two decades, is back on the European security landscape. In the strategic vicinity of Europe, non-state actors driven by radical ideology, particularly the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Al-Qaeda, have conquered large amounts of territory and established quasi-states, which enabled them to inspire or directly control terrorist networks in Europe, North Africa and the Sahel. Attacks such as those in Paris, Brussels or Bamako testify to their growing capabilities.

Hybrid warfare. --- Irregular warfare.

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« Guerre de l’ombre » longtemps en marge des pratiques militaires occidentales, la guerre irrégulière – subversion, guérilla, guerre psychologique ou révolutionnaire – fut réintroduite au cours du second conflit mondial sous l’impulsion de la Grande-Bretagne, avant de se diffuser en France et aux États-Unis. Cette génération de « partisans » va se muer en une communauté de « centurions » avec l’avènement de la guerre froide. En Europe d’abord, puis en Asie et dans l’ensemble du Tiers Monde, ils deviennent maîtres dans l’art de combattre les irréguliers au fur et à mesure que progresse la décolonisation. Au cours des années 1960, les États-Unis prennent la tête de la croisade contre les guerres de libération nationale, en développant leur stratégie de « contre-insurrection ». L’échec de sa mise en œuvre au Vietnam, ses dérives politiques en Amérique latine et ailleurs conduisent à un déclin, plus ou moins discret, jusqu’à sa réapparition au début du siècle, à l’aune de la guerre contre le terrorisme. C’est cette histoire méconnue et souvent tronquée que raconte Élie Tenenbaum. En s’appuyant sur des sources inédites et grâce à une approche globale, il conduit à repenser l’opposition entre centurions et partisans. Dans ce combat inégal, où les rôles pourtant ne cessent de s’inverser, les leçons du passé ont trop souvent été oubliées. Alors que la guerre irrégulière frappe à nouveau à la porte de notre quotidien, il convient plus que jamais de les réexaminer.

Irregular warfare --- Guerre irrégulière --- History --- Histoire --- IRREGULAR WARFARE--HISTORY --- Irregular warfare. --- 1900-1999. --- Irregular warfare - History - 20th century

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This book brings the study of irregular warfare back into the centre of war studies. The experience of recent and current wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and Syria showed that the study and the treatment of irregular fighters is one of the most central and intricate practical problems of contemporary warfare. Yet, the current literature in strategic studies and international relations more broadly does not problematize the dichotomy between the regular and the irregular. Rather, it tends to take it for granted and even reproduces it by depicting irregular warfare as a deviation from the norm of conventional, inter-state warfare. In this context, irregular warfare is often referred to as the 'new wars' and is associated with the erosion of statehood and sovereignty more generally. This obscures the fact that irregulars such as rebels, guerrillas, insurgents, and terrorist groups have a far more ambiguous relationship to the state than the dichotomy between the state and 'non-state' actors implies. They often originate from states, are supported by states and/or aspire to statehood themselves. The ambiguous relationship between irregular fighters and the state is the focus of the book. It explores how the category of the irregular fighter evolved as the conceptual opposite of the regular armed forces, and how this emergence was tied to the evolution of the nation state and its conscripted mass armies at the end of the eighteenth century. It traces the development of the dichotomy of the irregular and the regular, which found its foremost expression in the modern law of armed conflict, into the twenty-first century and provides a critique of the concept of the 'unlawful combatant' as it emerged in the framework of the 'war on terror'.

UNLAWFUL COMBATANTS--HISTORY --- IRREGULAR WARFARE--HISTORY

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Irregular warfare --- Civil-military relations --- Political aspects.

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Counterinsurgency --- Irregular warfare --- History. --- Oman --- History