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Iron ore

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Iron Will lays bare the role of extractivist policies and efforts to resist these policies through a deep ethnographic exploration of globally important iron ore mining in Brazil and India. Markus Kröger addresses resistance strategies to extractivism and tracks their success, or lack thereof, through a comparison of peaceful and armed resource conflicts, explaining how different means of resistance arise. Using the distinctly different contexts and political systems of Brazil and India highlights the importance of local context for resistance. For example, if there is an armed conflict at a planned mining site, how does this influence the possibility to use peaceful resistance strategies? To answer such questions, KrOEger assesses the inter-relations of contentious, electoral, institutional, judicial, and private politics that surround conflicts and interactions, offering a new theoretical framework of 'investment politics' that can be applied generally by scholars and students of social movements, environmental studies, and political economy, and even more broadly in Social Scientific and Environmental Policy research. By drawing on a detailed field research and other sources, this book explains precisely which resistance strategies are able to influence both political and economic outcomes. KrOEger expands the focus of traditionally Latin American extractivism research to other contexts such as India and the growing extractivist movement in the Global North. In addition, as the book is a multi-sited political ethnography, it will appeal to sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, geographers, and others using field research among other methods to understand globalization and global political interactions. It is the most comprehensive book on the political economy and ecology of iron ore and steel. This is astonishing, given the fact that iron ore is the second-most important commodity in the world after oil.

Politics & government --- International economics --- Iron ore mining --- Brazil --- India

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Magnetite. --- Rocks --- Geomagnetism --- Magnetic iron ore --- Iron ores --- Oxide minerals --- Magnetic properties.

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'China's Vulnerability Paradox' explains the uneven transformations in global commodity markets resulting from China's contemporary, dramatic economic growth. At times, China displays vulnerabilities towards global commodity markets because of unequal positions of market power. Why is it that Chinese stakeholders are often unable to shape markets in their preferred direction? Why have some markets undergone fundamental changes while other similar ones did not? And how can we explain the uneven liberalization dynamics across markets? Through a series of case studies, Pascale Massot argues that the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and international market stakeholders explains their behavior as well as the likelihood of global institutional change.

Commodity exchanges --- Mineral industries --- China --- Foreign economic relations. --- Finance and Accounting. --- Economics. --- China, commodities, global markets, iron ore, copper, potash, uranium, market power, pricing regimes, liberalization

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Steel is a critical material in our societies and will remain an important one for a long time into the future. In the last two decades, the world steel industry has gone through drastic changes and this is predicted to continue in the future. The Asian countries (e.g. China, India) have been dominant in the production of steel creating global over-capacity, while the steel industry in the developed countries have made tremendous efforts to reinforce its global leadership in process technology and product development, and remain sustainable and competitive. The global steel industry is also facing various grand challenges in strict environmental regulation, new energy and materials sources, and ever-increasing customer requirements for high quality steel products, which has been addressed accordingly by the global iron and steel community. This Special Issue, “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, released by the journal Metals, published 33 high quality articles from the international iron and steel community, covering the state-of-the-art of the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. This includes fundamental understanding, experimental investigation, pilot plant trials, industrial applications and big data utilization in the improvement and optimization of existing processes, and research and development in transformative technologies. It is hoped that the creation of this special issue as a scientific platform will help drive the iron and steel community to build a sustainable steel industry.

artificial neural network --- n/a --- corrosion --- inclusion control --- steel-making --- simulation --- liquid steel --- phosphate capacity --- slag --- hydrogen --- TG analysis --- surface roughness --- iron sulfate --- shot peening --- refining kinetics --- iso-conversional method --- oxygen blast furnace --- Barkhausen noise --- gas flow rate --- ductile cast iron --- toughness --- self-reduction briquette --- Mg deoxidation --- phosphorus distribution ratio --- iron oxides --- phase analysis --- desiliconisation --- solid flow --- CaO/Al2O3 ratio --- surface depression --- carbothermal reduction --- rotary hearth furnace --- torrefied biomass --- hot metal pre-treatment --- inclusions --- microwaves --- ironmaking --- reactivity --- CaO–based slags --- high-aluminum iron ore --- oxides --- HPSR --- internal crack --- fluorapatite --- crystallization rate --- COREX --- liquid area --- Al addition --- Wilcox–Swailes coefficient --- plasma arc --- evaluation of coupling relationship --- penetration theory --- silicate crystals --- ionization degree --- pellet size --- prediction model --- continuous casting --- direct element method --- modified NPL model --- slag film --- volatile matter --- crystallite size --- Al-TRIP steel --- viscosity --- anosovite crystals --- slag formation --- CO2 emissions --- integrated steel plant --- flow pattern --- high-heat-input welding --- dephosphorisation --- copper stave --- direct reduction --- shrinkage --- Cr recovery --- chemical composition --- high speed steel --- material flow --- 33MnCrTiB --- gas-based reduction --- converter --- bio-coal --- flat steel --- sulfur distribution ratio --- cold experiment --- secondary refining process --- re-oxidation --- vaporization dephosphorization --- sulfide capacity --- electroslag cladding --- hydrogen attack --- oxygen steelmaking --- non-metallic inclusions --- cracks --- non-contact measurement --- energy consumption --- high-manganese iron ore --- non-metallic inclusion --- Ca deoxidation --- Ca-treatment --- compressive strength (CS) --- oil-pipeline steel --- thermal treatment --- carbon monoxide --- composite roll --- crystallization behaviors --- devolatilization --- carbon-saturated iron --- steelmaking factory --- slag crust --- combustion --- high heat input welding --- ore-carbon briquette --- activation energy --- flow velocity --- kinetics --- hydrogen plasma --- casting speed --- solid and gaseous oxygen --- hercynite --- low fluorine --- iron ore pellets --- fayalite --- heat-affected zone --- CO–CO2 atmosphere --- and nitrogen --- smelting reduction --- high-phosphorus iron ore --- iron oxide --- mold flux --- BaO --- intragranular acicular ferrite --- carbon composite pellet --- electrolytic extraction --- iron ore --- carbon dioxide --- agglomerate --- vanadium titano-magnetite --- emission spectrum --- static process model --- concentrate --- structure --- titanium slag --- bonding interface --- fork --- blast furnace --- reaction mechanism --- reduction --- synergistic reduction --- injection --- principal component analysis --- ultrafine particles exposure --- CaO-based slags --- Wilcox-Swailes coefficient --- CO-CO2 atmosphere