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Mesopotamian society and its economy were basically agrarian, exhibiting cyclical long-term developments, as well as an unmistakable growth in political size. The combination contributed to severe strains in urban Mesopotamian society. Increasing political importance both complicated and concentrated government, which was compelled to change those massive quantities of agricultural bulk products, generated by its own agricultural activities and received as tax, into the more useful, liquid silver, which, however, was not produced in Mesopotamia itself.The first study presented establishes that already by 2000 B.C. silver was to some extent current in Mesopotamia and could be exchanged internally for agricultural produce. The second study, dealing mainly with the remuneration of the Mesopotamian clergy, concludes that local elites, which played an essential role in maintaining the urban character of settled Mesopotamian society, possessed a stable economic basis, for which neither silver nor the functioning of a market played a decisive role. A third study deals with Neo-Babylonian-Achaemenid taxation, a topic which cannot be isolated from the exploitation of the land in general. It is evident that Mesopotamia made a considerable contribution to the Persian monarchy, both in silver and in human labour. Agricultural products could be marketed and exchanged within Mesopotamia but how the silver required was earned in the outside world, remains elusive.
Silver --- History --- Iraq --- Economic conditions --- Silver - Mesopotamia - History --- Iraq - Economic conditions
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This is the first major study of the alternatives confronting Iraq as it seeks to rebuild its vital oil industry while simultaneously constructing a new political system. A key challenge facing the country is to allocate the revenues oil generates in a way that avoids economic and social instability. Reviewing the present status of the industry, the authors ? including Clement Henry, Massoud Karshenas, Roger Owen, Mona Said and John Sfakianakis ? use comparative analysis to suggest how it might best be rebuilt. Oil and Democracy in Iraq is an important and timely assessment of Iraq's oil
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Iraq --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- -Addresses, essays, lectures. --- Sociaal-economische geschiedenis. --- Irak --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Conditions économiques. --- Conditions sociales. --- Iraq - Economic conditions --- Iraq - Social conditions
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Iraq --- Irak --- Civilization --- History --- Civilisation --- Histoire --- Rāfidayn, Bilād --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Republic of Iraq --- Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah --- -Economic conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- Economic conditions --- To 634 --- Iraq - Civilization - To 634. --- Iraq - Economic conditions.
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Kassites --- Iraq --- Economic conditions --- Feudalism --- -Feudal tenure --- Civilization, Medieval --- Land tenure --- Land use --- Land use, Rural --- Chivalry --- Estates (Social orders) --- History --- Economic conditions. --- Kassites. --- History. --- -History --- Feudal tenure --- Iraq - Economic conditions
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Photos, transliterations, translations, and commentary on previously unpublished Sumerian cuneiform economic documents from mid-third-millennium Mesopotamia. CUSAS 33 provides complete editions of the remaining ED IIIb and early Sargonic texts in the Rosen-Cornell Collection that were not included in previous CUSAS volumes. It furthermore includes related texts from other collections and interrelates the entire corpus from the Umma district known so far. In addition to transliterations, the authors include full translations and extensive commentaries along with indexes and selected photographs. An important appendix on the paleography of the tablets that includes both photos and copies of relevant signs is included. These new sources and tools add much to our understanding of the history of these periods along with new data on the sequence of local rulers. Occasional collations, corrections to and reinterpretation of previously published texts from related publications greatly enhance the utility of this publication.
Cuneiform inscriptions, Sumerian --- Cuneiform tablets --- Iraq --- Economic conditions --- Civilization --- History --- Economic conditions. --- Irak --- Conditions économiques --- Civilisation --- Conditions économiques --- Cuneiform inscriptions, Sumerian - Iraq --- Cuneiform tablets - Iraq --- Iraq - Economic conditions --- Iraq - Civilization - To 634 --- Iraq - History - To 634
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The authorities view the program as providing a valuable anchor for their macroeconomic policies during a period of high economic and political uncertainty, and providing access to budget financing. The discussions for this review were delayed owing to lengthening data lags resulting from the attacks on the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI). With the projected increase in oil production and exports in the coming years, Iraq will be able to strengthen its fiscal and external positions and speed up the rebuilding of its institutions and infrastructure.
Iraq--Economic conditions. --- Iraq--Economic policy. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Industries: Energy --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- International economics --- Oil prices --- Budget planning and preparation --- Public debt --- Oil production --- Oil exports --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Production --- Budget --- Debts, Public --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Exports --- Finance, Public --- Iraq --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy.
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Syria --- Iraq --- Syrie --- Irak --- Economic conditions --- Foreign economic relations --- Conditions économiques --- Conditions économiques --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Rāfidayn, Bilād --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Republic of Iraq --- Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah --- Economic conditions. --- --Syrie --- --Syria --- Syria - Economic conditions --- Iraq - Economic conditions --- Syria - Foreign economic relations - Iraq --- Iraq - Foreign economic relations - Syria
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