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Following either a) castration or b) both castration and implantation with capsules releasing a constant, physiological dose of testosterone, adult male Mongolian gerbils that had matured in intrauterine positions between two male fetuses still scent marked with greater frequency than did male gerbils that had matured in intrauterine positions between two female fetuses. We also found significant positive correlations between the relative frequency of scent marking exhibited by individual male gerbils when intact, after castration and after both castration and implantation with capsules releasing testosterone. Each of these findings is consistent with the view that differential exposure to testosterone, as a consequence of fetal intrauterine position, has lasting effects on the organization of scent-marking by male gerbils

Adult. --- Castration. --- Exposure. --- Female. --- Fetuses. --- Frequency. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Implantation. --- Intrauterine position. --- Intrauterine positions. --- Male mongolian gerbils. --- Male. --- Marking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Organization. --- Physiological. --- Position. --- Positions. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent. --- Territorial marking. --- Testosterone. --- Time. --- Uterine position.

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Effects of testosterone (T) on parental behavior of male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were examined. After undergoing gonadectomy, castrated males were implanted with empty capsules or capsules containing T; sham-operated males were implanted with empty Silastic capsules. Subsequently, each male was paired with a pregnant female, and after delivery, families were observed 15 min/day for 20 days. Gonadectomized males without T spent more time in contact with, huddling over, and licking pups than did either sham-operated males or gonadectomized males with T. When given a choice between nest sites and displaced pups, females and males with low T preferred pups, whereas intact males and castrated males with T preferred nest sites. The findings are consistent with E. D. Ketterson and V. Nolan's (1994) hypothesis implicating T in mediating trade-offs between parental and sexual effort

Behavior. --- Biparental care. --- Choice. --- Contact. --- Female. --- Females. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Individual-differences. --- Inhibition. --- Intrauterine positions. --- Male mongolian gerbils. --- Male. --- Males. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Nest. --- Parental behavior. --- Paternal behavior. --- Peromyscus-californicus. --- Pups. --- Reproductive success. --- Scent marking. --- Sexual. --- Testosterone. --- Time. --- Unguiculatus. --- Voles microtus-ochrogaster.

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We compared reproductive profiles of Mongolian gerbils gestated alone in a uterine horn (Isolate males and Isolate females) with those of gerbils gestated in intrauterine positions between two male fetuses (2M males and 2M females) and two female fetuses (2F males and 2F females). We found that, when adult, the reproductive profiles of gerbils that had been gestated as isolates resembled that of gerbils that had been gestated as 2F fetuses: 1. Isolate females gestated litters containing both the same proportion of males as the litters of 2F females and a significantly smaller proportion of males than Litters of 2M females. 2. Isolate males, like 2F males, were less likely to impregnate females than were 2M males, and 3. both 2F males and isolate males exhibited disturbed patterns of copulation and reduced levels of scent-marking relative to 2M males. Our results were entirely consistent with the view that intrauterine exposure to males, but not to females, was responsible for previously described differences in the reproductive profiles of 2M and 2F Mongolian gerbils. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Inc

Adult. --- Copulation. --- Copulatory patterns. --- Exposure. --- Female. --- Females. --- Fetuses. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Intrauterine position. --- Intrauterine positions. --- Level. --- Life. --- Male. --- Males. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mice. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbils. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Position. --- Positions. --- Profiles. --- Rats. --- Reproductive success. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Sex ratios. --- Testosterone.