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The development of the placenta was a pivotal event in evolution. Without it, we would still be laying eggs instead of giving birth to live offspring. It represents the critical link between the foetus and the mother, but its character is extraordinary - it is, in effect, a foreign tissue that invades the mother's body. Compared to many other animals, the human placenta represents a particularly aggressive body. But how is it managed and controlled? How did such an organ evolve inthe first place? And why is it tolerated by the mother? Y.W. Loke, a highly respected expert in the placenta and it

Placenta --- Fetus --- Fetal growth --- Intrauterine growth --- Growth --- Cotyledon (Anatomy) --- Embryology --- Uterus, Pregnant --- Physiology. --- Growth.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

intrauterine growth restriction --- fetal growth restriction --- IUGR --- FGR --- pathology --- placenta --- brain injury

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This book addresses the complexities of growth and maturation, structural and functional developments as well as differentiations of the human fetus. Many of the authors are part of the Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER), whose research into human foetuses has generated many studies on the fetus, ranging from the morphometry and growth of organs, the DNA and RNA to different proteins and enzymes. The data collected over many decades provides a deep insight into the growth and development of the human fetus, its aberrations and implications for understanding the intricacies and complexities of growth regulation up to twenty weeks of gestation.   The editors bring together this extensive research from IPGMER, in addition to astute and precision research from global leaders in the fields of genetics, proteomics stem cell biology, endocrinology and molecular biology. Human Fetal Growth and Development – First and Second Trimesters is a pioneering work, stimulating further allied research in this area, and will be of interest to gynecologists, pediatricians, obstetricians, neonatologists, endocrinologists, reproductive and molecular biologists, and all students of medicine at all levels.

Maternal and infant welfare. --- Fetus --- Growth. --- Fetal growth --- Intrauterine growth --- Growth --- Reproductive Medicine. --- Obstetrics. --- Obstetrics/Perinatology/Midwifery. --- Maternal and Child Health. --- Infant welfare --- Infants --- Maternity welfare --- Child welfare --- Mothers --- Women --- Maternal health services --- Maternal-fetal medicine --- Medicine --- Human reproduction --- Human reproductive health --- Human reproductive medicine --- Reproductive medicine --- Health --- Charities, protection, etc. --- Charities --- Health aspects --- Reproductive medicine. --- Maternal and child health services.

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The control of energy metabolism is a central event for cell, organ, and organism survival. There are many control levels in energy metabolism, although in this Special Issue, we concentrated on the neuroendocrine control which is operated through specialized neural circuits controlling both food intake and energy expenditure. Due to the explosion of obesity and associated diseases, the subject of this Special Issue is of particular interest today.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- IGF1 --- IGF2 --- IGFBP2 --- high-fat diet --- obesity --- sex differences --- neuropeptides --- beige adipocyte --- white adipocyte --- brown adipocyte --- diabetes mellitus --- differentiation --- kisspeptin --- AgRP --- sheep --- reproduction --- LH --- genistein --- proopiomelanocortin --- arcuate nucleus --- rats --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- diethylstilbestrol --- tributyltin --- neuropeptide Y --- pro-opiomelanocortin --- phytoestrogens --- endocrine disruptor --- dimorphism --- POMC --- orexin --- subfornical organ --- organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis --- area postrema --- hypothalamus --- metabolism --- diabetes --- estrogens --- gut permeability/integrity --- insulin sensitivity --- Akkermansia --- gut microbiome --- lactate --- glycogen --- behavior --- learning --- astrocytes --- calcium signaling --- energy balance --- gliotransmission --- systemic metabolism --- amygdala --- kisspeptins --- food intake --- body weight --- intrauterine growth restriction --- macrosomia --- glucose tolerance --- abdominal adipocyte gene expression --- thrifty phenotype hypothesis

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The control of energy metabolism is a central event for cell, organ, and organism survival. There are many control levels in energy metabolism, although in this Special Issue, we concentrated on the neuroendocrine control which is operated through specialized neural circuits controlling both food intake and energy expenditure. Due to the explosion of obesity and associated diseases, the subject of this Special Issue is of particular interest today.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- IGF1 --- IGF2 --- IGFBP2 --- high-fat diet --- obesity --- sex differences --- neuropeptides --- beige adipocyte --- white adipocyte --- brown adipocyte --- diabetes mellitus --- differentiation --- kisspeptin --- AgRP --- sheep --- reproduction --- LH --- genistein --- proopiomelanocortin --- arcuate nucleus --- rats --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- diethylstilbestrol --- tributyltin --- neuropeptide Y --- pro-opiomelanocortin --- phytoestrogens --- endocrine disruptor --- dimorphism --- POMC --- orexin --- subfornical organ --- organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis --- area postrema --- hypothalamus --- metabolism --- diabetes --- estrogens --- gut permeability/integrity --- insulin sensitivity --- Akkermansia --- gut microbiome --- lactate --- glycogen --- behavior --- learning --- astrocytes --- calcium signaling --- energy balance --- gliotransmission --- systemic metabolism --- amygdala --- kisspeptins --- food intake --- body weight --- intrauterine growth restriction --- macrosomia --- glucose tolerance --- abdominal adipocyte gene expression --- thrifty phenotype hypothesis