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Examinations --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) --- Cognition in children --- Evaluation --- Interpretation --- Analysis, Linguistic (Linguistics) --- Analysis (Philosophy) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Interpretation of examinations --- Test interpretation --- Test results --- Competitive examinations --- Tests --- Questions and answers --- Educational tests and measurements --- Cognition (Child psychology) --- Thought and thinking in children --- Child psychology --- Validity

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Education--Tests et mesures --- Educational tests and measurements --- Enseignement --- Onderwijs --- Onderwijs--Tests en metingen --- Opvoedkunde--Tests en metingen --- Opvoedkundige tests en metingen --- Tests et mesures en éducation --- Examinations --- Multiple-choice examinations --- Evaluation --- Interpretation --- Contrôle de qualité --- quality controls --- Évaluation --- evaluation --- Méthode pédagogique --- Teaching methods --- Utilisation --- uses --- -Examinations --- -Multiple-choice examinations --- Didactique Didactiek --- Evaluation Evaluatie --- Sélection du personnel Personeelsselectie --- Enseignement Onderwijs --- Competitive examinations --- Tests --- Questions and answers --- Interpretation and construction --- Interpretation of examinations --- Test interpretation --- Test results --- Validity --- Examinations - Evaluation --- Examinations - Interpretation

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Kernel Equating (KE) is a powerful, modern and unified approach to test equating. It is based on a flexible family of equipercentile-like equating functions and contains the linear equating function as a special case. Any equipercentile equating method has five steps or parts. They are: 1) pre-smoothing; 2) estimation of the score-probabilities on the target population; 3) continuization; 4) computing and diagnosing the equating function; 5) computing the standard error of equating and related accuracy measures. KE brings these steps together in an organized whole rather than treating them as disparate problems. KE exploits pre-smoothing by fitting log-linear models to score data, and incorporates it into step 5) above. KE provides new tools for diagnosing a given equating function, and for comparing two or more equating functions in order to choose between them. In this book, KE is applied to the four major equating designs and to both Chain Equating and Post-Stratification Equating for the Non-Equivalent groups with Anchor Test Design. This book will be an important reference for several groups: (a) Statisticians and others interested in the theory behind equating methods and the use of model-based statistical methods for data smoothing in applied work; (b) Practitioners who need to equate tests—including those with these responsibilities in testing companies, state testing agencies and school districts; and (c) Instructors in psychometric and measurement programs. The authors assume some familiarity with linear and equipercentile test equating, and with matrix algebra. Alina von Davier is an Associate Research Scientist in the Center for Statistical Theory and Practice, at Educational Testing Service. She has been a research collaborator at the Universities of Trier, Magdeburg, and Kiel, an assistant professor at the Politechnical University of Bucharest and a research scientist at the Institute for Psychology in Bucharest. Paul Holland holds the Frederic M. Lord Chair in Measurement and Statistics at Educational Testing Service. He held faculty positions in the Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley and the Harvard Department of Statistics. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is an elected Member of the International Statistical Institute and a past president of the Psychometric society. He was awarded the (AERA/ACT) E. F. Lindquist Award, in 2000, and was designated a National Associate of the National Academies of Science in 2002. Dorothy Thayer currently is a consultant in the Center of Statistical Theory and Practice, at Educational Testing Service. Her research interests include computational and statistical methodology, empirical Bayes techniques, missing data procedures and exploratory data analysis techniques.

Examinations --- Educational tests and measurements --- Scoring. --- Interpretation. --- Design and construction. --- Standards. --- Econometrics. --- Statistics. --- Educational tests and measuremen. --- Psychometrics. --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation. --- Statistics . --- Assessment. --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological measurement --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychology --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Psychological tests --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Methodology --- Educational assessment --- Educational measurements --- Mental tests --- Tests and measurements in education --- Psychological tests for children --- Psychometrics --- Students --- Test construction --- Test design --- Interpretation of examinations --- Test interpretation --- Test results --- Remote scoring of examinations --- Scoring of examinations --- Self-scoring of examinations --- Test scoring --- Rating of --- Validity

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This book provides an introduction to test equating, scaling, and linking, including those concepts and practical issues that are critical for developers and all other testing professionals.  In addition to statistical procedures, successful equating, scaling, and linking involves many aspects of testing, including procedures to develop tests, to administer and score tests, and to interpret scores earned on tests. Test equating methods are used with many standardized tests in education and psychology to ensure that scores from multiple test forms can be used interchangeably.  Test scaling is the process of developing score scales that are used when scores on standardized tests are reported. In test linking, scores from two or more tests are related to one another. Linking has received much recent attention, due largely to investigations of linking similarly named tests from different test publishers or tests constructed for different purposes. In recent years, researchers from the education, psychology, and statistics communities have contributed to the rapidly growing statistical and psychometric methodologies used in test equating, scaling, and linking. In addition to the literature covered in previous editions, this new edition presents coverage of significant recent research. In order to assist researchers, advanced graduate students and testing professionals, examples are used frequently, and conceptual issues are stressed. New material includes model determination in log-linear smoothing, in-depth presentation of chained linear and equipercentile equating, equating criteria, test scoring, and a new section on scores for mixed-format tests. In the third edition, each chapter contains a reference list, rather than having a single reference list at the end of the volume  The themes of the third edition include: * the purposes of equating, scaling and linking and their practical context * data collection designs * statistical methodology * designing reasonable and useful equating, scaling, and linking studies * importance of test development and quality control processes to equating * equating error, and the underlying statistical assumptions for equating.

Examinations -- Interpretation. --- Examinations -- Scoring. --- Examinations --Design and construction. --- Mathematical statistics. --- Psychological tests --Standards. --- Examinations --- Psychological tests --- Educational tests and measurements --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Theory & Practice of Education --- Scoring --- Interpretation --- Design and construction --- Standards --- Scoring. --- Interpretation. --- Design and construction. --- Standards. --- Educational assessment --- Educational measurements --- Mental tests --- Tests and measurements in education --- Psychological assessment --- Tests, Psychological --- Test construction --- Test design --- Interpretation of examinations --- Test interpretation --- Test results --- Remote scoring of examinations --- Scoring of examinations --- Self-scoring of examinations --- Test scoring --- Statistics. --- Assessment. --- Psychometrics. --- Statistics for Social Science, Behavorial Science, Education, Public Policy, and Law. --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation. --- Statistics for Social Science, Behavioral Science, Education, Public Policy, and Law. --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological measurement --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychology --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Methodology --- Psychological tests for children --- Psychometrics --- Students --- Testing --- Clinical psychology --- Rating of --- Validity --- Educational tests and measuremen. --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Statistics .

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This book describes how to use test equating methods in practice. The non-commercial software R is used throughout the book to illustrate how to perform different equating methods when scores data are collected under different data collection designs, such as equivalent groups design, single group design, counterbalanced design and non equivalent groups with anchor test design. The R packages equate, kequate and SNSequate, among others, are used to practically illustrate the different methods, while simulated and real data sets illustrate how the methods are conducted with the program R. The book covers traditional equating methods including, mean and linear equating, frequency estimation equating and chain equating, as well as modern equating methods such as kernel equating, local equating and combinations of these. It also offers chapters on observed and true score item response theory equating and discusses recent developments within the equating field. More specifically it covers the issue of including covariates within the equating process, the use of different kernels and ways of selecting bandwidths in kernel equating, and the Bayesian nonparametric estimation of equating functions. It also illustrates how to evaluate equating in practice using simulation and different equating specific measures such as the standard error of equating, percent relative error, different that matters and others.

Examinations --- Educational tests and measurements --- Scoring. --- Interpretation. --- Standards. --- Educational assessment --- Educational measurements --- Mental tests --- Tests and measurements in education --- Interpretation of examinations --- Test interpretation --- Test results --- Remote scoring of examinations --- Scoring of examinations --- Self-scoring of examinations --- Test scoring --- Education. --- Assessment. --- Statistics. --- Psychometrics. --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation. --- Statistics for Social Science, Behavorial Science, Education, Public Policy, and Law. --- Psychological tests for children --- Psychometrics --- Students --- Psychological tests --- Rating of --- Validity --- Educational tests and measuremen. --- Statistics for Social Sciences, Humanities, Law. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological measurement --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychology --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Methodology --- Statistics . --- R (Computer program language). --- GNU-S (Computer program language) --- Domain-specific programming languages --- Educational tests and measurements. --- Social sciences --- Assessment and Testing. --- Statistics in Social Sciences, Humanities, Law, Education, Behavorial Sciences, Public Policy. --- Statistical methods.