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Those involved in human rights, whether on a theoretical or a practical level, sometimes cannot help feeling that they are dancing on a tightrope stretched between two high trees above a deep ravine. On one side of the ravine, a jungle stretches out as far as the eye can see; a jungle which is ruled by the laws of the fittest; laws that have no regard for justice and vulnerability. On the other side of the ravine, justice has, in the course of time, changed the laws of the jungle into laws which include and protect vulnerable individuals in society. In this second volume in celebration of Theo van Boven's 65th birthday, a number of Theo's friends try to come to grips with the tension between the `jungle of exclusion' and the `ideal of inclusion', in the full knowledge that Theo has preceded them in a great deal of pioneering work. The volume opens with an interview with Theo van Boven. Topics covered in the present volume include ( inter alia ): pre-20th century bills or rights, Mandelstam as forgotten pioneer of human rights, racial and gender discrimination, the rights of the child and child abuse, the right to reparation, the role of bystanders, globalization of economic power, economic and social rights and the European Union, tobacco use as a human rights issue, illegally obtained evidence, human rights policies, cultural diversity, human rights funding, the African human rights system, follow-up action to state reporting, character of the views of the Human Rights Committee, the Human Rights Committee and gender mainstreaming, the UN Commission on Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court.

Human rights --- International comparison

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Gross domestic product --- Purchasing power --- National income --- Purchasing power parity. --- Accounting --- International Comparison Programme. --- Law of one price --- One price, Law of --- Parity, Purchasing power --- Net national product --- Current purchasing power --- Domestic product, Gross --- GDP --- International Comparison Program --- ICP --- PCI --- Programme de comparaison internationale --- World Bank. --- Foreign exchange --- Flow of funds --- Gross national product --- Income --- Consumption (Economics) --- Currency question --- Money --- Prices --- Cost and standard of living --- Money illusion --- United Nations International Comparison Project

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With the recent release of the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) data from the International Comparison Program (ICP), analysts and institutions are confronted with the question of whether and how to use them for global poverty estimation. The previous round of PPP data from 2005 led to a large increase in the estimated number of poor in the world. The 2011 price data suggest that developing countries' incomes in PPP-adjusted dollars are significantly higher than indicated by the 2005 PPP data. This has created the anticipation that the new PPP data will decrease significantly the count of poor people in the world. This paper presents evidence that if the global poverty line is updated with the 2011 PPP data based on the same set of national poverty lines that define the USD 1.25 line in 2005 PPPs, and if the 2011 PPP conversion factors are used without adjustments to selected countries, the 2011 poverty rate is within half a percentage point of the current global estimate based on 2005 PPPs. The analysis also indicates that the goal of 'ending' extreme poverty by 2030 continues to be an ambitious one.

Global Poverty --- ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Comparison --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Measuring global poverty requires two types of spatial price adjustments: inter-country price adjustment based on the international purchasing power parities (PPPs) and intra-country price adjustment to account for cost-of-living variations in different parts of a country, especially between urban and rural areas. Current global poverty measurement lacks an adjustment mechanism for this within-country price variation for many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper highlights the need for matching reference prices with those the International Comparison Program (ICP) uses for PPP calculation to avoid poverty estimation bias, largely because many countries collected 2011 ICP price information only in urban areas. Data from four Sub-Saharan African countries are used to show that potential bias in estimated poverty rates due to such reference price mismatches ranges from 0.3 to 6.2 points in absolute terms. A larger bias is observed in countries where gaps between urban and rural prices are greater. The analysis also shows potentially large bias due to lack of intra-country price adjustments. These potential biases underscore the urgent need for conducting within-country price adjustments and matching purchasing power parity reference prices with country spatial price deflators. An important first step is to identify what reference prices the 2011PPPs used for each country, which currently is not clear. The World Bank, with ongoing relationships with National Statistics Offices, is well positioned to take up this task to improve the accuracy of the methodology for estimating poverty at the global, regional, and national levels.

Cost of Living --- Global Poverty --- Inequality --- International Comparison Program --- Poverty Assessment --- Poverty Lines --- Poverty Measurement --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Purchasing Power Parity

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Measuring the Real Size of the World Economy: The Framework,Methodology, and Results of the International Comparison Program-ICP is the most comprehensive accounting ever presented by the International Comparison Program (ICP) of the theory and methods underlying the estimation of purchasing power parities (PPPs). PPPs reveal the relative sizes of economies by converting their gross domestic products and related measurements into a common currency,thereby enabling comparisons based on economic and statistical theory.By disclosing the theory, concepts, and methods underlying the estimates, this book in

Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Elementary). --- Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Middle school). --- Mathematics. --- National income --- Gross domestic product --- Purchasing power parity --- Economics --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Statistical methods --- International finance. --- International economic relations. --- International Comparison Programme. --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- International monetary system --- International money --- International Comparison Program --- ICP --- PCI --- Programme de comparaison internationale --- World Bank. --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Finance --- International economic relations --- United Nations International Comparison Project