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La prohibition de la torture et des traitements inhumains ou dégradants consacrée au plan européen par l'article 3 de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l'Homme semble être inutile ou peu appropriée aux démocraties européennes, berceaux des droits de l'homme et respectueuses des libertés individuelles. Toutefois, la jurisprudence de la Commission et de la Cour européennes sur la question et la mise en oeuvre récente de la Convention européenne pour la prévention de la torture de 1987 indiquent qu'il subsiste des problèmes dans l'application et le respect des garanties contre les atteintes illicites à l'intégrité physique et mentale des individus. L'étude du droit et de la pratique administrative internes s'avère nécessaire afin de vérifier si l'article 3 de la Convention européenne fait l'objet d'une application effective au plan national. De cette analyse, il apparaît que l'impact de l'article 3 de la C.E.D.H. sur le droit interne présente un aspect dialectique et évolutif : face à la portée limitée de mesures répressives censées sanctionner les pratiques contraires à l'article 3, les Etats membres privilégient depuis peu une approche préventive du problème qui se révèle plus efficace.

Torture --- International and municipal law --- Human rights --- Europe --- Europe. --- Torture - Europe --- International and municipal law - Europe --- Human rights - Europe

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Treaty-making constitutes the very basis of the international legal order and influences international relations. It channels the expression by States of consent to be bound and defines the commitments they enter into. However, the national procedures by which States express their consent to be bound vary considerably, depending on constitutional, legal, and political conditions which reflect the history of each country. The report, drawn up under the aegis of the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law (CAHDI) of the Council of Europe, encompasses the practice of thirty-nine member States of this Organisation and a number of observer States. It provides comprehensive and up-to-date information about these States' means of expressing consent to be bound by a treaty. Furthermore, the analysis commissioned by the CAHDI from the British Institute of International and Comparative Law casts fresh light on this matter by inferring interesting considerations from the diversity of national procedures. With this report, the Council of Europe wishes to pursue its practical contribution to the development of international law, facilitating the mutual understanding of its member States and, thus, helping to build a stable and peaceful international community. La conclusion des traités constitue la base même de l'ordre juridique international et exerce une influence sur les relations internationales. Elle véhicule l'expression du consentement des Etats à être liés et définit les engagements qu'ils souscrivent. Cependant, les procédures nationales par lesquelles les Etats expriment leur consentement à être liés varient considérablement en fonction de facteurs constitutionnels, juridiques et politiques qui reflètent l'histoire même de chaque pays. Le présent rapport élaboré sous l'égide du Comité des Conseillers Juridiques sur le droit international public (CAHDI) du Conseil de l'Europe, expose la pratique de trente-neuf Etats membres de cette Organisation ainsi que d'un certain nombre d'Etats observateurs. Il fournit des informations complètes et à jour sur les moyens par lesquels ces Etats expriment leur consentement à être liés par un traité. En outre, l'analyse confiée par le CAHDI à l'Institut britannique de droit international et de droit comparé apporte un éclairage nouveau à ce domaine en tirant des enseignements intéressants de la diversité des procédures nationales. Par ce rapport, le Conseil de l'Europe souhaite poursuivre sa contribution pratique au développement du droit international, en facilitant la compréhension mutuelle de ses Etats membres et en contribuant ainsi à la construction d'une communauté internationale stable et pacifique.

Treaty-making power --- Treaties --- Traités --- Pouvoir de conclusion --- International and municipal law --- Treaties. --- -Treaties --- -Treaty power --- Constitutional law --- Executive power --- Legislative power --- Agreements, International --- Conventions (Treaties) --- International agreements --- International law --- International obligations --- Law --- Municipal and international law --- Law and legislation --- Influence --- International law influences --- -International and municipal law --- -Agreements, International --- Treaty power --- Traités --- Treaty-making power - Europe. --- International and municipal law - Europe. --- Treaty-making power -

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Human rights --- Civil rights --- International and municipal law --- 342.72/.73 <4> --- -International and municipal law --- -International law --- Law --- Municipal and international law --- International law --- Basic rights --- Civil liberties --- Constitutional rights --- Fundamental rights --- Rights, Civil --- Constitutional law --- Political persecution --- Mensenrechten. Amnesty International. Euthanasie----Europa --- Influence --- International law influences --- Law and legislation --- -Mensenrechten. Amnesty International. Euthanasie----Europa --- 342.72/.73 <4> Mensenrechten. Amnesty International. Euthanasie----Europa --- Europe --- Civil rights - Europe --- International and municipal law - Europe

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International and municipal law --- Sex discrimination against women --- Sexual minorities --- Law and legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc --- European Court of Human Rights. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Discrimination à l'égard des femmes --- Minorités sexuelles --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Droit --- Droit international et droit interne --- European Court of Human Rights --- Sex discrimination against women - Law and legislation - Russia (Federation) --- Sex discrimination against women - Law and legislation - Turkey --- Sexual minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - Russia (Federation) --- Sexual minorities - Legal status, laws, etc. - Turkey --- International and municipal law - Europe --- International and municipal law - Russia (Federation) --- International and municipal law - Turkey

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In the current decentralised system of European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) law enforcement, national courts play a crucial role in securing the effectiveness and application of the law. A great deal of legal research has been expounded on how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Free Trade Association Court (EFTA Court) have established and developed the key mechanism for doing so - namely the principle of consistent interpretation. Yet the principle's scope and limits can only be fully understood if one looks to the final outcome of cases at national level, and how national courts charged with the duty of applying the principle actually do so when faced with such issues in practice. Adopting an ambitious and consistent approach, contributors from 12 European states therefore examine the reception of the principle through national case-law, focusing on three issues: reception and understanding of the concept, its criteria for application, and its limitations. The individual contributions are further synthesised and compared in an overarching comparative chapter that identifies considerable tension between the goals of uniform and homogenous application of the principles, and a plurality of different approaches at national level. The findings further touch on a broader range of issues, providing the reader with insights into the cooperative dialogue between European and national courts more generally. The Effectiveness and Application of EU and EEA Law in National Courts will be of interest to academics, students, EU/EEA/EFTA and national institutional actors, judges, practitioners, and anyone interested in gaining unique insights into the workings of EU and EEA law and culture in practice. Christian N.K. Franklin (ed.) is Professor of Law at the University of Bergen, specialising in EU and EEA law. He is Joint Manager of the Bergen Law Faculty's Research Group for Competition and Market Law and an Associate of the Bergen Centre for Competition Law and Economics (BECCLE).

Law --- Court of Justice of the European Union. --- EFTA Court. --- European Free Trade Association Court --- European Free Trade Association. --- European Union. Court of Justice of the European Union --- CJEU --- Gerichtshof der Europäischen Union --- Cour de justice de l'Union européenne --- Curia (Court of Justice of the European Union) --- Európai Unió Bírósága --- Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej --- CJUE --- Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea --- Court of Justice of the European Communities --- Effectiveness and validity of law --- International and municipal law --- Courts --- Subsidiarity --- Courts. --- Effectiveness and validity of law. --- International and municipal law. --- Subsidiarity. --- Europe. --- Effectivité et validité du droit --- Droit international et droit interne --- Tribunaux --- Subsidiarité --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie --- Subsidiarity - Europe --- Effectiveness and validity of law - Europe --- International and municipal law - Europe --- Courts - Europe