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This paper constructs and tests the robustness of consistently measured poverty trends in the Islamic Republic of Iran after 2008, using international poverty lines based on U.S. dollars at 2011 purchasing power parity. The constructed estimates reveal three distinct periods of welfare in the Islamic Republic of Iran: increase in poverty and inequality between 2008 and 2009, decline in poverty and inequality between 2009 and 2012, and gradual deterioration of both indicators again after 2012. The results are robust regardless of the choice of welfare aggregate, inclusion or exclusion of different components, and spatial adjustment accounting for regional variation in food and housing prices.

Inequality --- International Poverty --- Poverty Reduction

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In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981.

Extreme poverty --- Global poverty --- Incidence of poverty --- Income --- Income poverty --- International poverty line --- National poverty --- National poverty lines --- Poor --- Poverty measures --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day.

Absolute poverty --- Global poverty --- International poverty line --- National poverty --- National poverty lines --- Poor --- Poor countries --- Poor person --- Poverty line --- Poverty measurement --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing World's progress against poverty. By the frugal USD 1 a day standard, they find that there were 1.1 billion poor in 2001-almost 400 million fewer than 20 years earlier. Over the same period, the number of poor declined by more than 400 million in China, though half of this decline was in the first few years of the 1980s. The number of poor outside China rose slightly over the period. A marked bunching up of people between USD 1 and USD 2 a day has also emerged. Sub-Saharan Africa has become the region with the highest incidence of extreme poverty and the greatest depth of poverty. If these trends continue, then the aggregate USD 1 a day poverty rate for 1990 will be halved by 2015, though only East and South Asia will reach this goal. This paper-a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to monitor progress against poverty in the world.

Extreme Poverty --- Food Consumption --- Global Poverty --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Size --- Household Survey --- Household Surveys --- Income --- Inequality --- International Poverty Line --- Per Capita Consumption --- Poor --- Poor People --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Estimates --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Lines --- Poverty Measures --- Poverty Rates --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural Areas --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Urban slum dwellers-especially in emerging-economy countries-are often poor, live in squalor, and suffer unnecessarily from disease, disability, premature death, and reduced life expectancy. Yet living in a city can and should be healthy. Slum Health exposes how and why slums can be unhealthy; reveals that not all slums are equal in terms of the hazards and health issues faced by residents; and suggests how slum dwellers, scientists, and social movements can come together to make slum life safer, more just, and healthier. Editors Jason Corburn and Lee Riley argue that valuing both new biologic and "street" science-professional and lay knowledge-is crucial for improving the well-being of the millions of urban poor living in slums.

Urban ecology (Sociology) --- Cities and towns --- Urban health --- Slums --- Urban ecology --- Urban environment --- Social ecology --- Sociology, Urban --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- Human settlements --- City health --- Urban public health --- Urbanization --- Public health --- Slum clearance --- Housing --- Health aspects. --- Environmental aspects --- Health aspects --- E-books --- biology. --- brazilian slums. --- economic scientists. --- emerging economies. --- global health. --- global poverty. --- global slums. --- global south. --- hazards of slum living. --- health equity. --- health inequities. --- health issues in urban centers. --- health issues of urban poor. --- human settlements. --- indian slums. --- international poverty. --- international urban poor. --- kenyan slums. --- slum dwellers. --- slum life. --- slums worldwide. --- social scientists. --- street science. --- urban poor. --- urban slums.