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À la différence du commerce BtoC, qui donne lieu depuis quarante ans à de très nombreux travaux, le commerce de gros (encore dénommé commerce inter-entreprises ou intermédiation BtoB) n'a pas vraiment retenu l'attention du milieu académique, posant la question de l'attractivité du secteur aux yeux de générations d'étudiants. Ainsi, pendant longtemps, les grossistes ont été présentés comme des acteurs passifs, non créateurs de valeur, incapables d'initier des démarches managériales et technologiques innovantes. Seuls seraient légitimes à revendiquer ces démarches ceux qui conçoivent et fabriquent les produits (les producteurs), ou bien ceux qui interagissent avec le consommateur final (les détaillants), privant de fait les entreprises du commerce de gros d'un rôle actif dans la modernisation des chaînes de valeur. Pourtant, le commerce de gros représente une activité économique considérable, tant par les volumes d'affaires en jeu, que par le nombre d'entreprises et les effectifs impliqués dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, mais aussi dans les pays en voie de développement. Un grand nombre de grossistes sont ainsi porteurs d'innovations majeures en matière de logistique et de gestion des relations. L'objectif est ici de donner à voir le potentiel que recèle ce type de commerce lorsqu'il est posé comme un objet d'investigation de première importance. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de se doter de nouveaux outils afin d'identifier les interrogations pouvant lui être rattachées, et y apporter des éléments de réponse. Cet ouvrage, original et pionnier, réalisé dans le cadre de la Chaire de Recherche CGI avec la collaboration d'EMLyon Business School et du Cret-log d'Aix-Marseille Université, s'adresse à un large public de lecteurs exigeants : chercheurs confirmés ou en formation, enseignants, étudiants en École ou à l'Université, consultants, et plus largement, managers de fonctions support et/ou impliqués dans des prises de décision stratégiques. Ils trouveront dans les différents chapitres, écrits par des auteurs de renommée internationale, à la fois une réflexion conceptuelle de haut niveau sur les logiques d'intermédiation, et des applications, particulièrement pertinentes, à une multiplicité de contextes et de secteurs d'activité.

Wholesale trade. --- Intermediate goods.

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"The international fragmentation of current production processes has led to an explosion of trade in intermediate products, indirectly impacting jobs, income, resources, energy, and emissions. Much of what is consumed is produced via global value chains contributing to climate change via carbon dioxide emissions. The editors analyse the complex interdependent international production structures and their links to social inequality and the environment, which has led to a demand for international input-output tables. Including an original introduction the new volumes comprehensively present research that has advanced the state of the art in input-output analysis over the past two decades"--

Intermediate goods --- Intermediate goods --- International trade --- Sustainable development. --- Input-output analysis. --- Economic aspects. --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects.

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The average price of cement in Africa was the highest of any continent in 2011, but by 2017 it had fallen by 35 percent, the largest decline in the world, according to data from the International Comparison Program. An empirical industry equilibrium model distinguishes between the fundamental drivers of differences in prices across countries: demand elasticity, costs, conduct, and entry. The model reveals that in 2011 average prices in Africa included the highest markups and marginal costs in the world. The price decline in 2017 is accounted for by a rapid increase in the number of firms producing cement, which lowered markups, and a declining marginal cost of production. Improvements in the quality of infrastructure or institutions could explain declining marginal costs, as could new technology installed by new entrants. Estimated fixed costs of entry are positive, although not systematically higher in Africa compared with other continents, suggesting equally free entry in the presence of a minimum efficient scale that does not vary across continents. These results suggest that the small size of national markets rather than regulation of entry explains why the price of cement was so high in Africa. As the market has grown, prices have fallen.

Cement --- Construction Industry --- Demand Elasticity --- Firm Entry --- Industrial Economics --- Industry --- Intermediate Goods Price --- Market Power --- Oligopoly

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International supply chains require the coordination of numerous activities across multiple countries and firms. This paper develops a theoretical model of supply chains in which the measure of tasks completed within a firm is determined by parameters that define transaction costs and the cost of coordinating more activities within the firm. The structural parameters that govern these costs explain variation in supply chain length as well as cross-country variation in gross-output-to-value-added ratios. The structural parameters are linked to comparative advantage along and across supply chains. The paper provides an analytical treatment of trade and welfare responses to trade cost change in a simple two-country model. To explore the models implications in a richer setting, the model is calibrated to match key observables in East Asia, and the calibrated model is used to evaluate implications of changes in model parameters for trade, welfare, the length of supply chains, and countries relative position within them.

Boundary of the firm --- Economic theory & research --- Emerging markets --- Fragmentation of production --- Free trade --- International economics & trade labor policies --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Private sector development --- Social protections and labor --- Trade in intermediate goods --- Trade policy --- Transaction costs

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International supply chains require the coordination of numerous activities across multiple countries and firms. This paper develops a theoretical model of supply chains in which the measure of tasks completed within a firm is determined by parameters that define transaction costs and the cost of coordinating more activities within the firm. The structural parameters that govern these costs explain variation in supply chain length as well as cross-country variation in gross-output-to-value-added ratios. The structural parameters are linked to comparative advantage along and across supply chains. The paper provides an analytical treatment of trade and welfare responses to trade cost change in a simple two-country model. To explore the models implications in a richer setting, the model is calibrated to match key observables in East Asia, and the calibrated model is used to evaluate implications of changes in model parameters for trade, welfare, the length of supply chains, and countries relative position within them.

Boundary of the firm --- Economic theory & research --- Emerging markets --- Fragmentation of production --- Free trade --- International economics & trade labor policies --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Private sector development --- Social protections and labor --- Trade in intermediate goods --- Trade policy --- Transaction costs