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India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on the educational attainment of children. It uses two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. The paper analyzes the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas, with the lower caste women benefiting the most. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children's education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. The authors provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference.
Agriculture --- Economic Liberalization --- Education --- Education and Society --- Equality of Opportunity --- Gender Gap --- Intergenerational Correlation --- Intergenerational Mobility --- Population & Development --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Rural-Urban Inequality --- Sibling Correlation --- India
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Biases from truncation caused by coresidency restriction have been a challenge for research on intergenerational mobility. Estimates of intergenerational schooling persistence from two data sets show that the intergenerational regression coefficient, the most widely used measure, is severely biased downward in coresident samples. But the bias in intergenerational correlation is much smaller, and is less sensitive to the coresidency rate. The paper provides explanations for these results. Comparison of intergenerational mobility based on the intergenerational regression coefficient across countries, gender, and over time can be misleading. Much progress on intergenerational mobility in developing countries can be made with the available data by focusing on intergenerational correlation.
Coresidency. --- Developing Countries. --- Disability. --- Education. --- Educational Sciences. --- Intergenerational Correlation (IGC). --- Intergenerational Mobility. --- Intergenerational Regression Coefficient (IGRC). --- Primary Education. --- Science and Technology Development. --- Science Education. --- Scientific Research and Science Parks. --- Social Protections and Labor. --- Truncation Bias.
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India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on the educational attainment of children. It uses two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. The paper analyzes the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas, with the lower caste women benefiting the most. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children's education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. The authors provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference.
Agriculture --- Economic Liberalization --- Education --- Education and Society --- Equality of Opportunity --- Gender Gap --- Intergenerational Correlation --- Intergenerational Mobility --- Population & Development --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Rural-Urban Inequality --- Sibling Correlation --- India
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The rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility have become increasingly popular in economics literature. Recent evidence shows that rank-based measures are less affected by measurement error and life-cycle bias compared with other standard measures such as intergenerational regression coefficient and intergenerational correlation. However, most of the available household surveys suffer from sample truncation, because coresidency is used to define household membership. There is no evidence on how sample truncation affects the rank-based mobility estimates relative to intergenerational regression coefficient and intergenerational correlation. This paper provides evidence on this in the context of intergenerational schooling persistence, using two exceptional surveys from India and Bangladesh that include all children irrespective of residency status. The analysis shows that the measures of relative mobility (slopes) are biased downward in coresident samples, but the average bias in rank correlation is less than half of that in intergenerational regression coefficient, and comparable to that in intergenerational correlation in magnitude. The intercept estimates are biased upward, with the largest bias found in the intercept of the regression used for intergenerational correlation. Truncation bias in rank-based absolute mobility estimates is the lowest in most cases. The results strengthen the case for rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility when working with the standard household surveys.
Coresidency --- Developing Countries --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Gender --- Gender & Development --- IGRC --- Inequality --- Intergenerational Correlation --- Intergenerational Mobility --- Intergenerational Regression Coefficient --- Labor & Employment Law --- Law and Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Rank Correlation --- Rank-Based Absolute Mobility --- Truncation Bias
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