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Epigenetics is defined as the study of modifications of the genome, heritable during cell division that does not involve changes in DNA sequences. Up to date, epigenetic modifications involve at least three general mechanisms regulating gene expression: histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).For the past two decades, an explosion in our interest and understanding of epigenetic mechanisms has been seen. This mainly based on the influence that epigenetic alterations have on an amazing number of biological processes, such as gene expression, imprinting, programmed DNA rearrangements, germ line silencing, developmentally cued stem cell division, and overall chromosomal stability and identity.It has become also evident that the constant exposure of living organisms to environment factors affects their genomes through epigenetic mechanisms. Viruses infecting animal cells are thought to play central roles in shaping the epigenetic scenario of infected cells. In this context it has become obvious that knowing the impact that viral infections have on the epigenetic control of their host cells will certainly lead to a better understanding of the interplay viruses have with animal cells.In fact, DNA viruses use host transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulators in such a way that they affect epigenetic control of gene expression that extends to host gene expression. At the same time, animal cells employ mechanisms controlling transcription factors and epigenetic processes, in order to eliminate viral infections. In summary, epigenetic mechanisms are involved in most virus-cell interactions.We now know that some viruses exhibit epigenetic immune evasion mechanisms to survive and propagate in their host; however, there is still much ambiguity over these epigenetic mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and most of the discovered mechanisms are still incomplete. Other animal viruses associated to cancer often deregulate cellular epigenetic mechanisms, silencing cellular tumor-suppressor genes and/or activating either viral or host cell oncogenes. In addition, in several cancers the down-regulation of tumor suppressor protein-coding genes and ncRNAs with growth inhibitory functions, such as miRNAs, have been closely linked to the presence of cell CpG island promoter hypermethylation.The goal of the aforementioned Research Topic is to bring together the key experimental and theoretical research, linking state-of-the-art knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms involved in animal virus-cell interactions.

Epigenetics. --- Genetics --- DNA Methylation --- NGS technology --- histone modification --- Methyltransferases --- Immune System --- epigenetic --- Interference RNA --- virus --- Oncolytic Virotherapy --- DNase I hypersensitive sites

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From the early days when RNA interference was a strange artifact in worms to the 2006 Noble Prize received by Fire and Mello and the current clinical trials, the field of RNA interference has grown at a breakneck pace. In RNA Interference: From Biology to Clinical Applications, expert contributors provide an overview of the most current science and protocols that span the biological disciplines from detailed nucleic acid chemistry, to pharmacology, to the manipulation of signal transduction pathways. Divided into three distinct sections, this volume delves into the physiology of RNA interference, RNA interference in the laboratory and siRNA delivery, and preclinical and clinical issues associated with the use of RNAi-inducing agents as drugs in order to stimulate new questions and offer the tools necessary to start addressing those questions. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and inspiring, RNA Interference: From Biology to Clinical Applications aims to promote and motivate innovation by reviewing what has been done, providing details of how it has been done, and encouraging speculation on what the future may hold.

RNA editing --- Small interfering RNA --- Gene silencing --- RNA Interference --- Gene Silencing --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- Gene Expression Regulation --- Genetic Processes --- Genetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Genetics --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Gene Silencing. --- RNA Interference. --- RNA editing. --- Gene silencing. --- ARN --- Inactivation génétique --- Edition --- Genetic Concepts --- Genetic Phenomenon --- Genetic Process --- Concept, Genetic --- Concepts, Genetic --- Genetic Concept --- Phenomena, Genetic --- Phenomenon, Genetic --- Process, Genetic --- Processes, Genetic --- Expression Regulation, Gene --- Regulation, Gene Action --- Regulation, Gene Expression --- Gene Action Regulation --- Regulation of Gene Expression --- Epigenetic Process --- Epigenetics Processes --- Epigenetic Processes --- Genetic Epigenesis --- Process, Epigenetic --- Processes, Epigenetic --- Processes, Epigenetics --- Gene Inactivation --- Inactivation, Gene --- Silencing, Gene --- Co-Suppression --- Cosuppression --- Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing --- RNA Silencing --- RNAi --- Gene Silencing, Post-Transcriptional --- Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing --- Co Suppression --- Gene Silencing, Post Transcriptional --- Gene Silencing, Posttranscriptional --- Gene Silencings, Posttranscriptional --- Interference, RNA --- Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing --- Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencings --- Silencing, Post-Transcriptional Gene --- Gene inactivation --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Editing, RNA --- Messenger RNA editing --- mRNA editing --- Immunology. --- Medical laboratories. --- Laboratory Medicine. --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Health facilities --- Laboratories --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Medicine --- Biomedical Research. --- Biological research --- Biomedical research --- Health Workforce --- Research.

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RNA interference (RNAi), in which RNA silences RNA, is the most recent discovery to revolutionize the study of biology. In RNAi: Design and Applications, leaders in the field contribute state-of-the-art, easy to follow methods and bench protocols designed for practical, everyday use of RNAi in biological research. Divided into two parts, this comprehensive volume covers fundamentals including designs of RNAi, biochemical assay protocols for the major components of RNAi, and study of potential off-target effects, followed by an extensive section covering various applications of RNAi in diverse model organisms and systems, from antiviral and anticancer applications to altering flower color in plants. Cutting edge and clearly written, RNAi: Design and Applications enables a researcher with standard molecular biological training to perform major RNAi-related experiments and contribute to this revolutionary, growing field.

Gene silencing --- Genetic techniques --- Rna interference --- Rna, small interfering --- Small interfering rna --- Small interfering RNA --- Gene Silencing --- RNA, Small Interfering --- Genetic Techniques --- Laboratory Manuals --- RNA Interference --- RNA, Small Untranslated --- Investigative Techniques --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- RNA, Antisense --- Publication Formats --- Antisense Elements (Genetics) --- RNA, Untranslated --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Publication Characteristics --- Gene Expression Regulation --- RNA --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Genetic Processes --- Nucleic Acids --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Genetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Gene Products, RNA --- Non-Polyadenylated RNA --- RNA, Non-Polyadenylated --- Ribonucleic Acid --- Acid, Ribonucleic --- Non Polyadenylated RNA --- RNA Gene Products --- RNA, Non Polyadenylated --- Expression Regulation, Gene --- Regulation, Gene Action --- Regulation, Gene Expression --- Gene Action Regulation --- Regulation of Gene Expression --- Anti-Sense RNA --- Antisense RNA --- Anti Sense RNA --- RNA, Anti-Sense --- Epigenetic Process --- Epigenetics Processes --- Epigenetic Processes --- Genetic Epigenesis --- Process, Epigenetic --- Processes, Epigenetic --- Processes, Epigenetics --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Short Noncoding RNA --- Small Non-Coding RNA --- Small Non-Messenger RNA --- Small Non-Protein-Coding RNA --- Small Noncoding RNA --- Small Untranslated RNA --- sncRNA --- sncRNAs --- Non-Coding RNA, Small --- Non-Messenger RNA, Small --- Non-Protein-Coding RNA, Small --- Noncoding RNA, Short --- Noncoding RNA, Small --- RNA, Short Noncoding --- RNA, Small Non-Coding --- RNA, Small Non-Messenger --- RNA, Small Non-Protein-Coding --- RNA, Small Noncoding --- Small Non Coding RNA --- Small Non Messenger RNA --- Small Non Protein Coding RNA --- Untranslated RNA, Small --- Co-Suppression --- Cosuppression --- Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing --- RNA Silencing --- RNAi --- Gene Silencing, Post-Transcriptional --- Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing --- Co Suppression --- Gene Silencing, Post Transcriptional --- Gene Silencing, Posttranscriptional --- Gene Silencings, Posttranscriptional --- Interference, RNA --- Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing --- Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencings --- Silencing, Post-Transcriptional Gene --- Genetic Technic --- Genetic Technics --- Genetic Technique --- Technic, Genetic --- Technics, Genetic --- Technique, Genetic --- Techniques, Genetic --- Genetics --- Short Hairpin RNA --- Short Interfering RNA --- Small Hairpin RNA --- Small Interfering RNA --- piRNA --- scnRNA --- shRNA --- tasiRNA --- Piwi-Interacting RNA --- RNA, Piwi-Interacting --- RNA, Scan --- Repeat-Associated siRNA --- Scan RNA --- Small Scan RNA --- Trans-Acting siRNA --- siRNA --- siRNA, Repeat-Associated --- siRNA, Trans-Acting --- Hairpin RNA, Short --- Hairpin RNA, Small --- Interfering RNA, Short --- Interfering RNA, Small --- Piwi Interacting RNA --- RNA, Piwi Interacting --- RNA, Short Hairpin --- RNA, Short Interfering --- RNA, Small Hairpin --- RNA, Small Scan --- Repeat Associated siRNA --- Scan RNA, Small --- Trans Acting siRNA --- siRNA, Repeat Associated --- siRNA, Trans Acting --- Gene Inactivation --- Inactivation, Gene --- Silencing, Gene --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Genetic Concepts --- Genetic Phenomenon --- Genetic Process --- Concept, Genetic --- Concepts, Genetic --- Genetic Concept --- Phenomena, Genetic --- Phenomenon, Genetic --- Process, Genetic --- Processes, Genetic --- Acids, Nucleic --- Noncoding RNA --- RNA, Non-Coding --- RNA, Non-Peptide-Coding --- RNA, Non-Protein-Coding --- RNA, Noncoding --- RNA, Nontranslated --- npcRNA --- Non-Coding RNA --- Non-Peptide-Coding RNA --- Non-Protein-Coding RNA --- Nontranslated RNA --- RNA, Non Coding --- RNA, Non Peptide Coding --- RNA, Non Protein Coding --- Untranslated RNA --- Anti-Sense Elements --- Anti-Sense Probes --- Antisense Probes --- Anti Sense Elements --- Anti Sense Probes --- Elements, Anti-Sense --- Probes, Anti-Sense --- Probes, Antisense --- methods --- Biochemistry. --- Human genetics. --- Medicine. --- Cytology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Human Genetics. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Health Workforce --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Composition