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This book provides a resource for the science or medical professional interested in islet biology. With a mix of review articles and studies showing primary data, new advances in islet inflammation and metabolic homeostasis are highlighted. The topics are succinctly presented by distinct viewpoints. An introduction to the Special Issue, with summaries of the studies included, is provided by the Guest Editors.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- beta cell death --- beta cell dysfunction --- beta cell failure --- ER stress --- hyperglycemia --- obesity --- oxidative stress --- saturated fatty acids --- beta cell hypofunction --- beta cell hyperfunction --- glucolipotoxicity --- low carbohydrate diet --- ketogenic diet --- insulin sensitivity --- pancreas --- islet of Langerhans --- proinflammatory cytokines --- NADPH oxidases --- Rac1 --- pancreatic beta cell --- diabetes --- β-cell --- macrophage --- islet --- cytokine --- insulin --- transcriptomics --- type 2 diabetes --- insulin resistance --- inflammation --- gut microbiome --- untargeted plasma metabolomics --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- prostaglandins --- insulin secretion --- beta-cell function --- beta cell death --- beta cell dysfunction --- beta cell failure --- ER stress --- hyperglycemia --- obesity --- oxidative stress --- saturated fatty acids --- beta cell hypofunction --- beta cell hyperfunction --- glucolipotoxicity --- low carbohydrate diet --- ketogenic diet --- insulin sensitivity --- pancreas --- islet of Langerhans --- proinflammatory cytokines --- NADPH oxidases --- Rac1 --- pancreatic beta cell --- diabetes --- β-cell --- macrophage --- islet --- cytokine --- insulin --- transcriptomics --- type 2 diabetes --- insulin resistance --- inflammation --- gut microbiome --- untargeted plasma metabolomics --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- prostaglandins --- insulin secretion --- beta-cell function

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Insulin resistance. --- Nervous system --- Insulin Resistance --- Nervous System Diseases --- Diseases. --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Insulin Sensitivity --- Resistance, Insulin --- Sensitivity, Insulin --- Donohue Syndrome --- Medical neurology --- Nerves --- Neurologic disorders --- Neurological disorders --- Neuropathology --- Insulin tolerance --- Resistant diabetes --- Resistance to insulin --- Diabetes --- Hormone resistance --- Insulin antibodies --- Diseases --- Complications

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The control of energy metabolism is a central event for cell, organ, and organism survival. There are many control levels in energy metabolism, although in this Special Issue, we concentrated on the neuroendocrine control which is operated through specialized neural circuits controlling both food intake and energy expenditure. Due to the explosion of obesity and associated diseases, the subject of this Special Issue is of particular interest today.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- IGF1 --- IGF2 --- IGFBP2 --- high-fat diet --- obesity --- sex differences --- neuropeptides --- beige adipocyte --- white adipocyte --- brown adipocyte --- diabetes mellitus --- differentiation --- kisspeptin --- AgRP --- sheep --- reproduction --- LH --- genistein --- proopiomelanocortin --- arcuate nucleus --- rats --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- diethylstilbestrol --- tributyltin --- neuropeptide Y --- pro-opiomelanocortin --- phytoestrogens --- endocrine disruptor --- dimorphism --- POMC --- orexin --- subfornical organ --- organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis --- area postrema --- hypothalamus --- metabolism --- diabetes --- estrogens --- gut permeability/integrity --- insulin sensitivity --- Akkermansia --- gut microbiome --- lactate --- glycogen --- behavior --- learning --- astrocytes --- calcium signaling --- energy balance --- gliotransmission --- systemic metabolism --- amygdala --- kisspeptins --- food intake --- body weight --- intrauterine growth restriction --- macrosomia --- glucose tolerance --- abdominal adipocyte gene expression --- thrifty phenotype hypothesis

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The control of energy metabolism is a central event for cell, organ, and organism survival. There are many control levels in energy metabolism, although in this Special Issue, we concentrated on the neuroendocrine control which is operated through specialized neural circuits controlling both food intake and energy expenditure. Due to the explosion of obesity and associated diseases, the subject of this Special Issue is of particular interest today.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- IGF1 --- IGF2 --- IGFBP2 --- high-fat diet --- obesity --- sex differences --- neuropeptides --- beige adipocyte --- white adipocyte --- brown adipocyte --- diabetes mellitus --- differentiation --- kisspeptin --- AgRP --- sheep --- reproduction --- LH --- genistein --- proopiomelanocortin --- arcuate nucleus --- rats --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- diethylstilbestrol --- tributyltin --- neuropeptide Y --- pro-opiomelanocortin --- phytoestrogens --- endocrine disruptor --- dimorphism --- POMC --- orexin --- subfornical organ --- organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis --- area postrema --- hypothalamus --- metabolism --- diabetes --- estrogens --- gut permeability/integrity --- insulin sensitivity --- Akkermansia --- gut microbiome --- lactate --- glycogen --- behavior --- learning --- astrocytes --- calcium signaling --- energy balance --- gliotransmission --- systemic metabolism --- amygdala --- kisspeptins --- food intake --- body weight --- intrauterine growth restriction --- macrosomia --- glucose tolerance --- abdominal adipocyte gene expression --- thrifty phenotype hypothesis --- IGF1 --- IGF2 --- IGFBP2 --- high-fat diet --- obesity --- sex differences --- neuropeptides --- beige adipocyte --- white adipocyte --- brown adipocyte --- diabetes mellitus --- differentiation --- kisspeptin --- AgRP --- sheep --- reproduction --- LH --- genistein --- proopiomelanocortin --- arcuate nucleus --- rats --- endocrine disrupting chemicals --- bisphenol A --- diethylstilbestrol --- tributyltin --- neuropeptide Y --- pro-opiomelanocortin --- phytoestrogens --- endocrine disruptor --- dimorphism --- POMC --- orexin --- subfornical organ --- organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis --- area postrema --- hypothalamus --- metabolism --- diabetes --- estrogens --- gut permeability/integrity --- insulin sensitivity --- Akkermansia --- gut microbiome --- lactate --- glycogen --- behavior --- learning --- astrocytes --- calcium signaling --- energy balance --- gliotransmission --- systemic metabolism --- amygdala --- kisspeptins --- food intake --- body weight --- intrauterine growth restriction --- macrosomia --- glucose tolerance --- abdominal adipocyte gene expression --- thrifty phenotype hypothesis

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The impact of fat intake on hypercholesterolemia and related atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been studied for decades. However, the current evidence base suggests that fatty acids also influences cardiometabolic diseases through other mechanisms including effects on glucose metabolism, body fat distribution, blood pressure, inflammation, and heart rate. Furthermore, studies evaluating single fatty acids have challenged the simplistic view of shared health effects within fatty acid groups categorized by degree of saturation. In addition, investigations of endogenous fatty acid metabolism, including genetic studies of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, and the identification of novel metabolically derived fatty acids have further increased the complexity of fatty acids’ health impacts. This Special Issue aims to include original research and up-to-date reviews on genetic and dietary modulation of fatty acids, and the role and function of dietary and metabolically derived fatty acids in cardiometabolic health.

coronary artery disease --- n-6 fatty acids --- ischemic heart disease --- n-3 fatty acids --- body weight --- alternatively activated macrophages --- type 2 cytokines --- children --- medium-chain triglyceride --- fat --- omega-3 PUFA --- substitution models --- obesity --- EETs --- arachidonic acid --- blood pressure --- Genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- antioxidant --- Mediterranean diet --- Insulin sensitivity --- PUFA --- n-3 PUFA --- long-chain triglyceride --- fish oil --- omega 3 --- CAD --- adipose tissue --- FADS --- blood lipids --- hemodynamics --- genotype --- erucic acid --- klotho --- CYP450 eicosanoids --- cardiometabolic disease --- fibrosis --- desaturase --- EEQs --- cohort study --- lipid metabolism --- fatty acid --- metabolic disease --- epidemiology --- omega-3 --- inflammation --- docosapentaenoic acid --- omega-6 PUFA --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- diet --- CKD --- human --- perivascular adipose tissue --- seafood --- cardiovascular disease --- prospective cohort study --- linoleic acid --- low-fat diet --- conjugated fatty acids --- furan fatty acids --- unsaturated fat --- statins --- fish --- cholesterol ester --- CHD --- COPD