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"The authors examine the determinants of Brazilian city growth between 1970 and 2000. They consider a model of a city that combines aspects of standard urban economics and the new economic geography literatures. For the empirical analysis, the authors construct a dataset of 123 Brazilian agglomerations and estimate aspects of the demand and supply side, as well as a reduced form specification that describes city sizes and their growth. Their main findings are that increases in rural population supply, improvements in interregional transport connectivity, and education attainment of the labor force have strong impacts on city growth. They also find that local crime and violence, measured by homicide rates, impinge on growth. In contrast, a higher share of private sector industrial capital in the local economy stimulates growth. Using the residuals from the growth estimation, the authors also find that cities that better administer local land use and zoning laws have higher growth. Finally, their policy simulations show that diverting transport investments from large cities toward secondary cities does not provide significant gains in terms of national urban performance. "--World Bank web site.

Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

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This paper investigates the determinants of sustained accelerations in goods and services exports. Strong predictors of export takeoffs include domestic and structural indicators such as lower macroeconomic uncertainty, improved quality of institutions, a depreciated exchange rate, and agricultural reforms. Lower tariffs, participation in global value chains and diversification also contribute to initiating export accelerations. The paper also finds heterogeneity, with somewhat different triggers for Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as for goods and services. Finally, despite the lack of a robust effect on output, export surges tend to be associated with lower post-acceleration unemployment and income inequality.

Latin America --- Economic conditions. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Economywide Country Studies: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Trade: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- International economics --- Exports --- Service exports --- Export performance --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- International trade --- National accounts --- Brazil

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It is typically assumed that countries in the Caribbean suffer from a lack of output and export diversification. Contrary to this popular perception, we find no evidence that output variability is higher in Caribbean countries than in larger, more diversified, developing economies. In addition, we find no evidence that export earnings are more volatile in the Caribbean economies than elsewhere. In fact, export earnings are quite stable in the Caribbean, reflecting the fact the region is rather unique in that most of its export earnings are generated from service exports, which tend to be considerably less volatile than goods exports.

Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth: General --- Economywide Country Studies: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Education: General --- Trade: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Agriculture: General --- Education --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Consumption --- Export earnings --- Income --- Agricultural commodities --- National accounts --- International trade --- Commodities --- Economics --- Exports --- Farm produce --- Trinidad and Tobago

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This paper is concerned with economic consequences of unethical governance. A framework is set out, based on principles of Friedrich Nietzsche, that ties poverty and inequality to unethical behavior of the strong toward the weak. The paper contributes to an understanding of why poverty and inequality have remained entrenched in some societies in spite of repeated programs intended to improve living standards. The purpose is to include ethics of governance, and, in particular, unethical behavior of the strong toward the weak, in preconditions for economic development.

Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Labor Economics: General --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Poverty & precarity --- Labor --- Discount rates --- Poverty --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Financial services --- National accounts --- Labor economics --- Discount --- Indonesia

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En esta nota se presenta el enfoque del FMI con respecto a una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con la desigualdad, el desempleo, la gestión de gobierno, etc. Se basa en estudios empíricos anteriores que examinan las correlaciones entre las desaceleraciones del crecimiento/la duración de las rachas de crecimiento y una serie de factores institucionales, macroeconómicos y de política. Este estudio se centra directamente en el tema de la desigualdad y la sostenibilidad del crecimiento, presentando el análisis de manera más asequible y con un enfoque más orientado a la aplicación de políticas. Se pasa revista a los estudios que han cobrado relevancia en el contexto de la crisis mundial, y de los posibles vínculos entre la crisis y el aumento de la desigualdad en los países en el epicentro de la crisis. Los resultados analíticos también se conectarán con conceptos aplicados en la práctica en determinados países, a fin de presentar dichos resultados de manera más ilustrativa y pertinente a los efectos de la aplicación de políticas. El artículo sugiere que, con base en las observaciones empíricas, una mayor igualdad en la distribución del ingreso va a asociada a rachas de crecimiento de mayor duración. Sin embargo, las políticas redistributivas de amplio alcance no favorecen necesariamente el crecimiento, ya que pueden generar fuertes desincentivos. Por lo tanto, el análisis de las políticas presentado en esta publicación es apropiadamente cauteloso y solo plantea ideas preliminares, por ejemplo, sobre las políticas activas del mercado laboral y sobre la necesidad de prestar más atención a la inversión en capital humano tratando de evitar que los objetivos de eficiencia y equidad entren en conflicto.

Macroeconomics --- Social Services and Welfare --- Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Social welfare & social services --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Personal income --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Income --- Poverty --- Colombia